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Ukunyakaza kwezitho namathitjhu kungabangela amaphutha ekubekeni ama-X-ray ngesikhathi sokwelatjhwa ngemisebe. Ngalokho-ke, izinto ezineemfanelo ezifana nezicubu zemitjhini nezemisebe ziyatlhogeka ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwezitho ukuthuthukisa ukwelatjhwa ngemisebe. Kodwana, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezinjalo kuhlala kuyinselele. Ama-alginate hydrogels anezakhiwo ezifana nalezo ze-extracellular matrix, okwenza bona zithembise njengezinto ezifana nezicubu. Kulesi sifundo, amagwebu we-alginate hydrogel anezimpawu ezifunwako zemitjhini neze-radiological zenziwa ngokukhutjhwa kwe-Ca2+. Isilinganiso somoya-kuya-volumu salawulwa ngokutjheja ukuthola amagwebu we-hydrogel anezakhiwo ezichaziweko zemitjhini nezemisebe. I-macro- kanye ne-micromorphology yezinto zavezwa, begodu ukuziphatha kwamagwebu we-hydrogel ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwafundwa. Iimpawu ze-radiology zalinganiselwa ngokwethiyori begodu zaqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa i-computed tomography. Irhubhululo leli likhanyisela ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizako kwezinto ezilingana namathitjhu ezingasetjenziselwa ukuthuthukisa umthamo wemisebe nokulawula ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sokwelatjhwa ngemisebe.
Ukwelatjhwa ngemisebe yindlela ejayelekileko yokwelapha umdlavuza1. Ukunyakaza kwezitho namathitjhu kuvame ukudosela emaphutheni ekubekweni kwama-X-ray ngesikhathi sokwelatjhwa ngemisebe2, okungabangela bona isimila singaphathwa kuhle begodu nokuvezwa khulu kwamaseli aphilileko aseduze nemisebe engatlhogekiko. Ikhono lokubikezela ukunyakaza kwezitho namathitjhu kuqakathekile ekwehliseni amaphutha wokuthola indawo yesimila. Irhubhululo leli belidzimelele emaphashini, ngombana enza ukutjhuguluka okukhulu nokunyakaza lokha iingulani naziphefumula ngesikhathi sokwelatjhwa ngemisebe. Amamodeli ahlukahlukeneko wezinto ezipheleleko akhiwe begodu asetjenziselwa ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwamaphaphu womuntu3,4,5. Kodwana, amalunga womuntu namathitjhu anamajometri ahlangahlangeneko begodu ancike khulu esigulini. Ngalokho-ke, izinto ezineemfanelo ezifana nezicubu ziwusizo khulu ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli abonakalako ukuqinisekisa amamodeli wethiyori, ukusiza ukwelatjhwa okuthuthukisiweko kwezokwelapha, kanye neenhloso zemfundo yezokwelapha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezilingisa amathitjhu athambileko ukufikelela amajometri wezakhiwo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kudose ukutjhejwa okukhulu ngombana ukungahambisani kwazo kwemitjhini kungaholela ekuhlulekeni ekusetjenzisweni okuqothelweko6,7. Ukwenza imodeli ye-biomechanics eyinkimbinkimbi yezicubu zamaphaphu, ehlanganisa ukuthamba okukhulu, ukuthamba, kanye nokuvuleka kwesakhiwo, kuveza inselele ekulu ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli akhiqiza ngokunembileko amaphaphu womuntu. Ukuhlanganiswa nokufanisa izakhiwo zemitjhini nezemisebe kuqakathekile ekusebenzeni kuhle kwamamodeli wamaphaphu ekungeneleleni kwezokwelapha. Ukukhiqiza okungezelelweko kufakazele bona kuyasebenza ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli akhethekileko wesigulani, okwenza bona kwenziwe msinyana imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi. UShin nabanye. 8 yenza imodeli yamaphaphu ekhiqizwa kabutjha, etjhugulukako eneendlela zomoya eziprintwe nge-3D. Haselaar et al. 9 yenza i-phantom efana khulu nezigulani zangempela zokuhlola ikhwalithi yesithombe kanye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ubujamo bokwelatjhwa ngemisebe. U-Hong et al10 benza imodeli ye-CT yesifuba ngokusebenzisa ithekhnoloji yokugadangisa ye-3D kanye nethekhnoloji yokuphosa isilikoni ukukhiqiza kabutjha ukuqina kwe-CT yezilonda ezihlukahlukeneko zamaphaphu ukuhlola ukunemba kokulinganisa. Kodwana, amaphrothothayipi la avamise ukwenziwa ngezinto ezisebenzako ezihluke khulu kulezo zezicubu zamaphaphu11.
Njenganje, inengi lama-phantoms enziwe nge-silicone nofana i-polyurethane foam, engafani nezakhiwo ze-mechanical ne-radiological ze-parenchyma yamaphaphu yamambala.12,13 Ama-alginate hydrogels ahambisana nezinto eziphilako begodu asetjenziswe khulu ebunjiniyeleni bezicubu ngebanga lezakhiwo zawo ezitjhugulukako.14 Nanyana kunjalo, ukubuyisela i-ultra-soft-phantom, i-phantom yamaphantom ngokunembileko ukulingisa ukuthamba nokugcwalisa isakhiwo sezicubu zamaphaphu kuhlala kuyinselele yokuhlola.
Kulesi sifundo, bekuthathwa bona amathitjhu wamaphaphu ayinto efanako. Ukuminyana kwamathitjhu wamaphaphu womuntu (\(\:\rho\:\)) kubikwa bona kungu-1.06 g/cm3, begodu ukuminyana kwamaphaphu avuvukileko kungu-0.26 g/cm315. Iinhlobo ezinengi ze-Young's modulus (MY) yezicubu zamaphaphu zitholwe kusetjenziswa iindlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokuhlola. U-Lai-Fook et al. 16 yalinganisa i-YM yamaphaphu womuntu ngokunyuka okufanako kube yi-0.42 ukuya ku-6.72 kPa. U-Goss nabanye. 17 wasebenzisa i-magnetic resonance elastography begodu wabika i-YM ye-2.17 kPa. U-Liu nabanye. 18 yabika i-YM elinganiswe ngqo ye-0.03-57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi et al. 19 ilinganise i-YM bona ibe yi-0.1 ukuya ku-2.7 kPa ngokuya ngedatha ye-4D CT etholwe eengulini ezikhethiweko.
Ngezakhiwo ze-radiological zamaphaphu, amapharamitha amanengi asetjenziselwa ukuhlathulula ukuziphatha kwamathitjhu wamaphaphu nama-X-ray, kufaka hlangana ukwakheka kwezinto, ukuminyana kwe-elekthronikhi (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), inani le-athomu elisebenzako (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), amandla wokuvuselela aphakathi (\:\:\) (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) kanye neyunithi ye-Hounsfield (HU), ehlobene ngqo ne-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ukuminyana kwama-elekthroni \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) kuchazwa njengenani lama-elekthroni ngeyunithi yevolumu begodu kubalwa ngalendlela elandelako:
lapho \(\:\rho\:\) kukuminyana kwento ngo-g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) yi-Avogadro engaguqukiko, \(\:{w}_{i}\) yi-mass fraction, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) yinomboro ye-athomu, begodu \(\{A\{i}\} yisisindo se-athomu i-th into.
Inomboro ye-athomu ihlobene ngqo nobujamo bokuthintana kwemisebe ngaphakathi kwento. Emakhompawundini neenhlanganisela ezinezinto ezinengi (isib., iindwangu), inani le-athomu elisebenzako \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) kufanele libalwe. Ifomula le yahlongozwa ngu-Murthy et al. 20:
Amandla wokuvuselela aphakathi \(\:I\) achaza bona into ehlosiweko idonsa lula kangangani amandla we-kinetic weenhlayiya ezingena ngaphakathi. Ihlathulula izakhiwo zezinto eziqothelweko kwaphela begodu ayihlangene nezakhiwo zeenhlayiya. \(\:I\) ingabalwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho wokuhlanganisa ka-Bragg:
I-mass attenuation coefficient \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ihlathulula ukungena nokukhutjhwa kwamandla wama-photons entweni ehlosiweko. Ingabalwa kusetjenziswa ifomula elandelako:
Lapho \(\:x\) kubukhulu bezinto, \(\:{I}_{0}\) kubukhulu bokukhanya okungenako, begodu \(\:I\) kubukhulu be-photon ngemva kokungena ngaphakathi kwento. Idatha ye-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ingatholwa ngqo ku-NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) amanani wemixube namakhompawundi angatholakala ngokusebenzisa umthetho wokungezelela ngokulandelako:
I-HU yiyunithi elinganisiweko yokulinganisa i-radiodensity ekuhlathululeni idatha ye-computed tomography (CT), etjhugululwe ngokulandelana ukusuka ku-attenuation coefficient elinganisiweko \(\:\mu\:\). Ihlathululwa ngokuthi:
lapho \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) kulizinga lokuthoba kwamanzi, begodu \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) kulizinga lokuthoba komoya. Ngalokho-ke, ukusuka kufomula (6) sibona bona inani le-HU lamanzi ngu-0, begodu inani le-HU lomoya ngu--1000. Inani le-HU lamaphaphu womuntu lisuka ku--600 ukuya ku--70022.
Iinsetjenziswa ezinengi ezilingana namathitjhu zithuthukiswe. U-Griffith nabanye. 23 yenza imodeli efana nethishu yomzimba womuntu eyenziwe nge-polyurethane (PU) lapho kwafakwa khona amazinga ahlukahlukeneko we-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ukulingisa ama-coefficients wokunciphisa wezitho ezihlukahlukeneko zomuntu okufaka hlangana amaphaphu womuntu, begodu imodeli yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Griffith. U-Taylor24 wethula imodeli yesibili efana nezicubu zamaphaphu eyakhiwe yi-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), ebizwa nge-LLLL1. U-Traub et al.25 benza isikhundla esitjha sethitjhu yamaphaphu ngokusebenzisa i-Foamex XRS-272 ene-5.25% ye-CaCO3 njengesithuthukisi sokusebenza, eyabizwa ngokuthi yi-ALT2. Amathebula 1 no-2 atjengisa ukumadanisa kwe-\(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) kanye nama-mass attenuation coefficients wamaphaphu womuntu (ICRU-44) kanye namamodeli wezicubu alinganako.
Nanyana kuzuzwe izakhiwo ezihle khulu zemisebe, pheze zoke izinto ze-phantom zenziwe nge-polystyrene foam, okutjho bona izakhiwo zemitjhini zezinto lezi angeze zatjhidela kulezo zamaphaphu womuntu. I-Young's modulus (YM) ye-polyurethane foam ingaba ngu-500 kPa, okukude khulu nayiqathaniswa namaphaphu womuntu avamileko (ama-5-10 kPa). Ngalokho-ke, kuyatlhogeka bona kwenziwe into etja engakghona ukuhlangabezana nobujamo bemishini nemisebe yamaphaphu womuntu wamambala.
Ama-hydrogel asetjenziswa khulu ebunjiniyeleni bezicubu. Isakhiwo sayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo zifana ne-extracellular matrix (ECM) begodu zilungiswa lula. Kulesi sifundo, i-sodium alginate ehlanzekileko yakhethwa njenge-biomaterial yokulungiselela amagwebu. Ama-alginate hydrogels ahambisana nezinto eziphilako begodu asetjenziswa khulu ebunjiniyeleni bezicubu ngebanga lezakhiwo zawo ezilungisekako. Ukwakheka kwe-elemental ye-sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n nokuba khona kwe-Ca2+ kuvumela bona izakhiwo zayo ze-radiological zilungiswe njengombana kutlhogeka. Inhlanganisela yezakhiwo ezilungisekako zemitjhini nezemisebe yenza ama-alginate hydrogels abe ngcono esifundweni sethu. Kuliqiniso, ama-alginate hydrogels nawo anemikhawulo, khulukhulu malungana nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside ngesikhathi semijikelezo yokuphefumula elingisako. Ngalokho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okungeziweko kuyatlhogeka begodu kulindeleke eemfundweni zesikhathi esizako ukulungisa imikhawulo le.
Kulomsebenzi, sakha into ye-alginate hydrogel foam enamazinga we-rho alawulekako, ukuthamba, kanye nezakhiwo ze-radiological ezifana nalezo zezicubu zamaphaphu womuntu. Irhubhululo leli lizokunikela ngesisombululo esijayelekileko sokwenza ama-phantom afana nezicubu aneempawu ezitjhugulukako neze-radiological. Iimpawu zezinto zingalungiswa lula kizo zoke iincubu zomuntu nesitho somzimba.
Izinga lomoya eliqothelweko nevolumu ye-hydrogel foam labalwa ngokuya ngebanga le-HU lamaphaphu womuntu (-600 ukuya ku--700). Kwacatshangwa bona i-foam bekuyihlanganisela elula yomoya kanye ne-alginate hydrogel. Ngokusebenzisa umthetho olula wokungezelela wezinto ngazinye \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), ingcenye yevolumu yomoya kanye nesilinganiso sevolumu ye-alginate hydrogel eyenziweko kungabalwa.
Amagwebu we-alginate hydrogel alungiselelwe kusetjenziswa i-sodium alginate (Ingcenye No. W201502), i-CaCO3 (Ingcenye No. 795445, MW: 100.09), kanye ne-GDL (Ingcenye No. G4750, MW: 178.14) ethengwe ku-Sigma-Aldrich Company, St Louis, MO. I-70% ye-Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) yathengwa ku-Renowned Trading LLC. Amanzi ahlanjululweko asetjenziswe emsebenzini wokulungiselela amagwebu. I-sodium alginate yancibilikiswa emanzini ahlanjululweko emazingeni womtjhiso wegumbi ngokuvuselela njalo (600 rpm) bekwaba kulapho kutholakala isisombululo esiphuzi esikhanyako esifanako. I-CaCO3 ngokuhlanganiswa ne-GDL yasetjenziswa njengomthombo we-Ca2+ ukuthoma ukutjhuguluka. I-SLES 70 yasetjenziswa njenge-surfactant ukwakha isakhiwo esineembobo ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel. Ukugxila kwe-alginate kwagcinwa ku-5% begodu i-Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio yagcinwa ku-0.18. I-CaCO3:GDL molar ratio nayo yagcinwa ku-0.5 ngesikhathi sokulungiselela i-foam ukugcina i-pH engathathi hlangothi. Inani ngu-26. 2% ngobukhulu be-SLES 70 yengezwe kiwo woke amasampula. Ibhiya enesivalo yasetjenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokuhlanganiswa kwesisombululo nomoya. Ivolumu yoke yebhiya beyiyi-140 ml. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yokubala, amavolumu ahlukileko womhlanganiso (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) afakwa ebhiya ukuhlanganiswa nomoya. Isampula ene-50 ml yomxube yenzelwe ukuhlangana nomoya owaneleko, ngesikhathi isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya kwamanye amasampula amabili besilawulwa. Kokuthoma, i-SLES 70 yafakwa esixazululweni se-alginate begodu yavuselelwa ngesitjhugululi segezi bekwaba kulapho ihlangana ngokupheleleko. Bese, ukumiswa kwe-CaCO3 kwafakwa emxubeni begodu kwavuselelwa ngokuragela phambili bekwaba kulapho umxube sele uhlanganiswe ngokupheleleko, lokha umbala wawo nawutjhuguluka waba mhlophe. Ekugcineni, isisombululo se-GDL sangezwa emxubeni ukuthoma ukugela, begodu ukuvuselela ngomtjhini kwagcinwa kiyo yoke ikambiso. Isampula ene-50 ml yomxube, ukuvuselela ngomtjhini kwamiswa lokha umthamo womxube nawujama ukutjhuguluka. Emasampula ane-100 ml kanye ne-110 ml yomxube, ukuvuselela ngomtjhini kwamiswa lokha umxube nawuzalisa ibhiya. Sizamile nokwenza amagwebu we-hydrogel anobukhulu obuphakathi kwama-50 ml ukuya ku-100 ml. Kodwana, ukungazinzi kwesakhiwo segwebu kwabonwa, njengombana bekuguquguquka hlangana nobujamo bokuhlanganiswa komoya okupheleleko nobujamo bokulawula ivolumu yomoya, okurholele ekulawuleni ivolumu engafaniko. Ukungazinzi lokhu kwaletha ukungaqiniseki ekubalweni, begodu ngalokho-ke ibanga levolumu azange lifakwe esifundweni lesi.
Ukuminyana \(\:\rho\:\) kwe-hydrogel foam kubalwa ngokulinganisa ubukhulu \(\:m\) kanye nomthamo \(\:V\) wesampula ye-hydrogel foam.
Iinthombe ze-optical microscopic zama-hydrogel foams zitholwe kusetjenziswa ikhamera ye-Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Isofthiwe ye-ImageJ yasetjenziselwa ukubala inani nobukhulu bokusabalala kwama-pore esampuleni endaweni ethileko ngokuya ngeenthombe ezitholakeleko. Ijamo le-pore lithathwa njengeliyindilinga.
Ukufunda izakhiwo ze-alginate hydrogel foams, ukuhlolwa kokugandeleleka kwe-uniaxial kwenziwa kusetjenziswa umtjhini we-TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Amasampula anqunywa abe ziibhlogo ezinxande begodu ubukhulu bebhlogo balinganiswa ukubala ukugandeleleka nokugandeleleka. Ijubane le-crosshead labekwa ku-10 mm/min. Amasampula amathathu ahlolwa isampula ngayinye begodu isilinganiso nokuphambuka okujayelekileko kwabalwa ukusuka emiphumeleni. Irhubhululo leli belidzimelele eemfanelweni zokucindezela zamagwebu we-alginate hydrogel ngombana amathitjhu wamaphaphu abekwa ngamandla wokugandeleleka esigabeni esithileko somjikelezo wokuphefumula. Ukungezelelwa kuqakathekile, khulukhulu ukutjengisa ukuziphatha okupheleleko kwamathitjhu wamaphaphu begodu lokhu kuzokuphenywa eemfundweni ezizako.
Amasampula we-hydrogel foam alungiselelweko askenwa ku-Siemens SOMATOM Drive dual-channel CT scanner. Imingcele yokuskena ibekwe ngalendlela elandelako: 40 mAs, 120 kVp kanye no-1 mm ubukhulu besilayi. Amafayela we-DICOM aphumelako ahlaziywa kusetjenziswa isofthiwe ye-MicroDicom DICOM Viewer ukuhlaziya amanani we-HU weengcenye ezi-5 zesampula ngayinye. Amanani we-HU atholwe yi-CT amadaniswa nokubalwa kwethiyori okusekelwe kudatha yokuminyana kwamasampula.
Umnqopho wesifundo lesi kukutjhugulula ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli wezitho zomzimba ngamunye kanye namathitjhu wezinto eziphilako zokwenziwa ngobunjiniyela bezinto ezithambileko. Ukuthuthukisa izinto ezineemfanelo zemitjhini nezemisebe ezihambisana nokusebenza kwamaphaphu womuntu kuqakathekile eensetjenzisweni ezihlosiweko ezifana nokwenza ngcono ukubandulwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlelwa kokuhlinzwa, nokuhlela ukwelapha ngemisebe. Emfanekisweni 1A, sidwebe ukungafani hlangana nezakhiwo zemitjhini nezemisebe zezinto ezithambileko ezisetjenziselwa ukwenza amamodeli wamaphaphu womuntu. Bekube nje, izinto zithuthukisiwe ezitjengisa izakhiwo ezifunwako ze-radiology, kodwana izakhiwo zazo zemitjhini azihlangabezani neemfuneko ezifunwako. Ifomu ye-polyurethane nerabha zizinto ezisetjenziswa khulu ekwenzeni amamodeli wamaphaphu wabantu atjhugulukako. Iimpawu ze-polyurethane foam (i-Young's modulus, YM) zivamise ukuba zikhulu ngeenkhathi ezili-10 ukuya kweli-100 kunalezo zezicubu zamaphaphu womuntu. Iinsetjenziswa ezitjengisa zombili izakhiwo ezifunwako zemitjhini nezemisebe azikaziwa.
(A) Ukujanyelwa kwehlelo lezakhiwo zezinto ezithambileko ezihlukahlukeneko nokumadanisa namaphaphu womuntu ngokuya kobukhulu, i-Young's modulus kanye nezakhiwo zemisebe (ku-HU). (B) Iphetheni yokuphambuka kwe-X-ray ye-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ye-alginate hydrogel ene-concentration ye-5% kanye ne-Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ye-0.18. (C) Ububanzi bomthamo womoya kumagwebu we-hydrogel. (D) Ukuvezwa kwe-alginate hydrogel foams enamazinga womoya ahlukileko.
Ukwakheka kwe-elemental yama-alginate hydrogels ane-concentration ye-5% kanye ne-Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ye-0.18 kwabalwa, begodu imiphumela itjengiswa kuThebuli 3. Ngokuya ngomthetho wokungezelela kufomula edlulileko (5), i-mass attenuation coefficient ye-alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\:\:\:) njengombana kutjengisiwe emfanekisweni\\n\ 1B.
Amanani we-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) womoya namanzi atholwe ngqo ku-NIST 12612 amazinga we-reference database. Ngalokho, umfanekiso 1C utjengisa amazinga womthamo womoya abalwako kumagwebu we-hydrogel anamanani alinganako we-HU hlangana no--600 no--700 wamaphaphu womuntu. Isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya esibalwe ngokwethiyori sizinzile ngaphakathi kwama-60-70% ebangeni lamandla ukusuka ku-1 × 10−3 ukuya ku-2 × 101 MeV, okutjengisa amathuba amahle wokusetjenziswa kwegwebu le-hydrogel eenkambisweni zokukhiqiza ezisezansi.
Umfanekiso 1D utjengisa isampula ye-alginate hydrogel foam elungiselelweko. Zoke iisampula zasikwa zaba ma-cubes anobude bomphetho obuyi-12.7 mm. Imiphumela itjengise bona kwakhiwa igwebu le-hydrogel elifanako, elizinzileko elinamahlangothi amathathu. Kungaqalwa isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya, akukho mehluko obonakalako ekubukekeni kwamagwebu we-hydrogel abonwe. Ubujamo bokuzijamela kwe-hydrogel foam butjengisa bona inethiwekhi eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel inamandla ngokwaneleko ukusekela ubudisi be-foam ngokwayo. Ngaphandle kokuvuza kwamanzi amancani avela e-foam, i-foam nayo itjengise ukuzinza kwesikhatjhana amaviki ambalwa.
Ngokulinganisa ubukhulu nomthamo wesampula ye-foam, ukuminyana kwe-hydrogel foam elungiselelweko \(\:\rho\:\) kwabalwa, begodu imiphumela itjengiswa kuThebuli 4. Imiphumela itjengisa ukuthembela kwe-\(\:\rho\:\) esilinganisweni sevolumu yomoya. Lokha umoya owaneleko nawuhlanganiswa nama-50 ml wesampula, ukuminyana kuba phasi khulu begodu kube yi-0.482 g/cm3. Njengoba inani lomoya ohlangeneko lehla, ukuminyana kukhuphuka kube ngu-0.685 g/cm3. Inani eliphezulu le-p hlangana namaqembu we-50 ml, 100 ml kanye ne-110 ml bekuyi-0.004 < 0.05, okutjengisa ukuqakatheka kwemiphumela.
Inani lethiyori le-\(\:\rho\:\) nalo libalwa kusetjenziswa isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya elawulwako. Imiphumela elinganisiweko itjengisa bona i-\(\:\rho\:\) yi-0.1 g/cm3 encani kunenani lethiyori. Umehluko lo ungahlathulula ukugandeleleka kwangaphakathi okwenziwa ku-hydrogel ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza i-gelation, okubangela ukuvuvuka begodu lokho kurholela ekwehleni kwe-\(\:\rho\:\). Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa godu ngokutjheja ezinye iinkhala ngaphakathi kwegwebu le-hydrogel eenthombeni ze-CT ezitjengiswe kuMfanekiso 2 (A, B no-C).
Iinthombe ze-optical microscopy zamagwebu we-hydrogel anevolumu yomoya ehlukileko (A) 50, (B) 100, kanye (C) 110. Inomboro yamaseli nokusabalalisa ubukhulu bama-pore kumasampula we-alginate hydrogel foam (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Umfanekiso 3 (A, B, C) utjengisa iinthombe ze-optical microscope yamasampula we-hydrogel foam anamazinga womoya ahlukileko. Imiphumela itjengisa isakhiwo se-hydrogel foam, etjengisa ngokukhanyako iinthombe zama-pores anobubanzi obuhlukileko. Ukusabalala kwenomboro yama-pore nobubanzi kwabalwa kusetjenziswa i-ImageJ. Kwathathwa iinthombe ezisithandathu zesampula ngayinye, isithombe ngasinye besinobukhulu obuyi-1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, begodu indawo ehlaziyiweko yesampula ngayinye beyingu-5.7 mm2.
(A) Ukuziphatha kokugandeleleka kokugandeleleka kwamagwebu we-alginate hydrogel anamazinga womoya ahlukileko. (B) Ukulinganisa okukhulu. (C) Ukugandeleleka E0 kwamagwebu we-hydrogel anamazinga womthamo womoya ahlukileko. (D) Ukugandeleleka okukhulu nokugandeleleka kwamagwebu we-alginate hydrogel anamazinga womoya ahlukileko.
Umfanekiso 3 (D, E, F) utjengisa bona ukusabalala kobukhulu be-pore kuyafana, ukusuka kuma-micrometers amatjhumi ukuya kuma-micrometers angaba ma-500. Ubukhulu be-pore bufana, begodu buyancipha kancani njengombana ivolumu yomoya yehla. Ngokuya ngedatha yokuhlolwa, ubukhulu be-pore obuphakathi besampula eyi-50 ml ngu-192.16 μm, i-median ngu-184.51 μm, begodu inani lama-pore ngeyunithi yendawo ngu-103; ubukhulu be-pore obuphakathi besampula eyi-100 ml buyi-156.62 μm, i-median yi-151.07 μm, begodu inani lama-pore ngeyunithi yendawo yi-109; amanani ahambelanako wesampula eyi-110 ml yi-163.07 μm, 150.29 μm kanye ne-115, ngokulandelana. Idatha itjengisa bona ama-pore amakhulu anethonya elikhulu emiphumeleni yezibalo yobukhulu be-pore ephakathi, begodu ubukhulu be-pore obuphakathi bungatjengisa ngcono ukutjhuguluka kobukhulu be-pore. Njengoba umthamo wesampula ukhuphuka ukusuka ku-50 ml ukuya ku-110 ml, inani lama-pores nalo liyakhula. Ukuhlanganisa imiphumela yezibalo yobubanzi be-pore ephakathi nenani le-pore, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ngokukhula kwevolumu, ama-pore amanengi amancani akhiwa ngaphakathi kwesampula.
Idatha yokuhlolwa kwemitjhini itjengiswe emifanekisweni 4A no-4D. Umfanekiso 4A utjengisa ukuziphatha kokugandeleleka nokugandeleleka kwamagwebu we-hydrogel alungiselelweko anamazinga womoya ahlukileko. Imiphumela itjengisa bona woke amasampula anendlela efanako yokugandeleleka nokugandeleleka. Isampula ngayinye, ukugandeleleka kukhula msinya ngokukhula kokugandeleleka. Ijika elikhulu lafakwa ekuziphatheni kokugandeleleka kwegwebu le-hydrogel. Umfanekiso 4B utjengisa imiphumela ngemva kokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-exponential njengemodeli yokulinganisa ku-hydrogel foam.
Emagwebu we-hydrogel anama-ratio womthamo womoya ahlukileko, imodyuli yawo yokucindezela (E0) nayo yafundwa. Ngokufana nokuhlaziywa kwama-hydrogel, i-compressive Young's modulus yaphenywa ngebanga lama-20% wokugandeleleka kokuthoma. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokugandeleleka itjengiswe kuMfanekiso 4C. Imiphumela emfanekisweni 4C itjengisa bona njengombana isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya sincipha ukusuka kusampula 50 ukuya kusampula 110, i-compressive Young's modulus E0 ye-alginate hydrogel foam ikhuphuka ukusuka ku-10.86 kPa ukuya ku-18 kPa.
Ngokufanako, amajika apheleleko wokugandeleleka nokugandeleleka kwamagwebu we-hydrogel, kanye namagugu wokugcina wokugandeleleka nokugandeleleka, kwatholakala. Umfanekiso 4D utjengisa ukugandeleleka okukhulu nokugandeleleka kwamagwebu we-alginate hydrogel. Iphuzu ngalinye ledatha liyi-avareji yemiphumela emithathu yokuhlolwa. Imiphumela itjengisa bona ukugandeleleka okukhulu kokugandeleleka kukhuphuka ukusuka ku-9.84 kPa ukuya ku-17.58 kPa ngokwehla okuqukethwe kwegesi. Umhlobo wokugcina uhlala uzinzile ngama-38%.
Umfanekiso 2 (A, B, no-C) utjengisa iinthombe ze-CT zamagwebu we-hydrogel anama-ratio wevolumu yomoya ahlukileko ahambelana namasampula ama-50, 100, no-110, ngokulandelana. Iinthombe zitjengisa bona i-hydrogel foam eyakhiweko ipheze ifane. Inani elincani lezikhala labonwa kumasampula ali-100 no-110. Ukwakheka kwalezi zikhala kungenzeka kungenxa yokugandeleleka kwangaphakathi okwenziwa ku-hydrogel ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza i-gelation. Sibale amanani we-HU weengaba ezi-5 zesampula ngayinye begodu sizifake kuThebuli 5 kanye nemiphumela yokubala yethiyori.
Ithebula 5 litjengisa bona amasampula anamazinga womoya ahlukileko athole amanani ahlukileko we-HU. Inani eliphezulu le-p hlangana namaqembu ayi-50 ml, 100 ml kanye ne-110 ml belingu-0.004 < 0.05, okutjengisa ukuqakatheka kwemiphumela. Hlangana namasampula amathathu ahloliweko, isampula enomxube we-50 ml gade ineempawu ze-radiology eziseduze nezamaphaphu womuntu. Ikholomu yokugcina yeThebuli 5 ngumphumela otholwe ngokubala okusekelwe enanini legwebu elilinganisiweko \(\:\rho\:\). Ngokumadanisa idatha elinganisiweko nemiphumela yethiyori, kungatholakala bona amanani we-HU atholwe ngokuskena kwe-CT ngokuvamileko aseduze nemiphumela yethiyori, okuqinisekisa imiphumela yokubala isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya kuMfanekiso 1C.
Umnqopho omkhulu wesifundo lesi kukwenza into enezinto ezifana nezamaphaphu womuntu. Umnqopho lo wafezeka ngokuthuthukisa into esekelwe ku-hydrogel eneempawu ezifana nezicubu ezitjhidelene khulu nalezo zamaphaphu womuntu. Ukuqondiswa zibalo zethiyori, amagwebu we-hydrogel anamazinga wommoya ahlukileko alungiswa ngokuhlanganisa isisombululo se-sodium alginate, i-CaCO3, i-GDL kanye ne-SLES 70. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kwatjengisa bona kwakhiwa igwebu le-hydrogel elizinzileko elifanako elinemikhakha emithathu. Ngokutjhugulula isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya, ukuminyana nobukhulu begwebu kungatjhugululwa ngokuthanda. Ngokwanda komthamo womoya, ubukhulu bama-pore buyancipha kancani begodu inani lama-pore liyanda. Iimhloliso zokugandeleleka zenziwa ukuhlaziya izakhiwo ze-alginate hydrogel foams. Imiphumela itjengise bona imodyuli yokucindezela (E0) etholwe ekuhlolweni kokucindezela isezingeni elifaneleko lamaphaphu wabantu. I-E0 ikhuphuka njengombana isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya sincipha. Amanani wezakhiwo zemisebe (i-HU) yamasampula alungiselelweko atholwe ngokuya ngedatha ye-CT yamasampula begodu amadaniswa nemiphumela yokubala kwethiyori. Imiphumela beyihle. Inani elilinganisiweko nalo liseduze nenani le-HU lamaphaphu womuntu. Imiphumela itjengisa bona kungenzeka ukwenza amagwebu we-hydrogel alingisa amathitjhu ngokuhlanganiswa okuhle kwezakhiwo zemitjhini nezemisebe ezilingisa izakhiwo zamaphaphu womuntu.
Nanyana kunemiphumela emihle, iindlela zokwenza zamanje zitlhoga ukuthuthukiswa ukwenzela bona kulawulwe ngcono isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya kanye nama-porosity ukufanisa ukubikezela okuvela ekubalweni kwethiyori kanye namaphaphu wabantu wamambala emazingeni wephasi loke newendawo. Irhubhululo lamanje libuye likhawulelwe ekuhloleni iindlela zokucindezela, okukhawulela ukusetjenziswa okungenzeka kwe-phantom esigabeni sokucindezela somjikelezo wokuphefumula. Irhubhululo lesikhathi esizako lingazuza ngokuphenya ukuhlolwa kokuqina kanye nokuzinza kwemitjhini yoke into ukuhlola ukusetjenziswa okungenzeka ngaphasi kweemeko zokulayisha eziguquguqukako. Nanyana kunemikhawulo le, irhubhululo litshwaya umzamo wokuthoma ophumeleleko wokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ze-radiology nezomtjhini entweni eyodwa elingisa amaphaphu womuntu.
Amasethi wedatha akhiqizwe begodu/nofana ahlaziywe ngesikhathi sesifundo samanje ayatholakala kumtloli ohambelana naye ngesibawo esizwakalako. Kokubili ukuhlolwa kanye namasethi wedatha ayakhiqizwa godu.
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