Iwebhusayithi le isebenzisa amakhukhi ukwenza ngcono ukusebenzisa kwakho. Ngokuragela phambili nokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi le, uvumelana nomthethomgomo wethu wamakhukhi.
Nangabe unenomboro yobulungu be-ACS, sibawa uyifake lapha ukwenzela bona sikghone ukuhlanganisa i-akhawundi le nobulungu bakho. (Nokukhethwa)
I-ACS iqakathekisa ubumfihlo bakho. Ngokuthumela ilwazi lakho, ungavakatjhela i-C&EN begodu ubhalise iindaba zethu zaqobe veke. Sisebenzisa ilwazi olinikelako ukwenza ngcono ilwazi lakho lokufunda, begodu angeze sathengisa idatha yakho emalungwini wesithathu.
Ngomnyaka ka-2005, ikhamphani ekulu yepahla yabathengi i-Colgate-Palmolive yatjhiya ibhizinisi lokuhlanza iimpahla ze-North America ngokuthengisa imikhiqizo efana ne-Fab ne-Dynamo ku-Phoenix Brands. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, enye ikhamphani ekulu yepahla yabathengi, i-Unilever, yathengisa imikhiqizo yayo ye-All kanye ne-Wisk ku-Sun Products.
Ukuthengiswa kwebhizinisi layo eenkampanini ezimbili ezincani ezizijameleko kwenze bona imakethe ye-P&G ephezulu e-US isisetjenziswa sokuhlanza iingubo pheze ingaphikiswa. Ngokukarisako, i-Procter & Gamble azange imemezele ukunqoba.
Kwamambala, ngo-2014, u-Alan G. Lafley, owayengu-CEO we-Procter & Gamble (P&G), wazisola ngokuhoxiswa kwe-Unilever. Wathi ihlule imakethe ephakathi yemakethe yokuhlanza, okwenza bona imikhiqizo ye-P&G igxile khulu emakethe ephezulu, ngesikhathi inikela ngemikhiqizo ephasi enabancintisana nabo abathathu. I-Procter & Gamble ngumthengisi wamabhrendi aziwako afana ne-Tide and Gain. Ithatha pheze i-60% yebhizinisi lokuhlanza izambatho le-US, kodwana leli libhizinisi elimileko, begodu kunegebe elikhulu lentengo hlangana nemikhiqizo yenkampani nabancintisana nayo.
Ngemva komnyaka, omunye wabancintisana nayo, ikhamphani ye-German i-Henkel, yatjhugulula izinto. Ikhamphani yethula isisetjenziswa sayo sokuhlanza se-Europe sekhwalithi ephezulu i-Persil e-United States, sathoma ukuthengiswa nge-Wal-Mart kwaphela, bese sathulwa eendaweni ezifana ne-Target. Ngomnyaka ka-2016, u-Henkel waragela phambili nokudida izinto ngokuthenga i-Sun Products.
Ukuhlonywa kwe-Persil kuvuselele ibhizinisi lokuhlanza, kodwana kungenzeka kube msinya ukudlula indlela u-Lafley ebegade alindele ngayo. NgoMeyi odlulileko, lokha imagazini ethi “Consumer Report” nayibiza omunye wemikhiqizo etja ka-Henkel, i-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, isisetjenziswa sokuhlanza esisebenza kuhle khulu se-America, yena nabanye abaphathi be-P&G kufuze bathuke. Umnyanya wokubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi wenza bona i-Tide ibe sendaweni yesibili kokuthoma eminyakeni.
I-Procter & Gamble (Chastened), i-Procter & Gamble (P&G) yenza kabutjha umkhiqizo wayo wokuthoma odumileko i-Tide Ultra Stain Release ngo-2016. Ikhamphani le yathi yengeza ama-surfactants begodu yasusa amanzi, okwenza bona kube nefomula eminyeneko negxilileko engenza ngcono ukususwa kwamabala. Umagazini lo waveza bona umkhiqizo lo bewuphezulu erhelweni ekuhlaziyweni kwemibiko yabathengi, nanyana kungakaqakatheki ngokwezibalo.
Imibiko yabathengi mhlapha nje ifake i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezinto ezimbili ezihle khulu zokuhlanza izambatho e-United States. I-C&EN izakuhlola iinthako ezibangela ubujamo lobu, kanye nokusetjenziswa kwazo nabakhiqizi.
Imibiko yabathengi mhlapha nje ifake i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezinto ezimbili ezihle khulu zokuhlanza izambatho e-United States. I-C&EN izakuhlola iinthako ezibangela ubujamo lobu, kanye nokusetjenziswa kwazo nabakhiqizi.
Kusesekuseni ukutjho bona i-Henkel izokuphikisa i-P&G ebathengini be-America abathenga insipho yokuhlanza yezinga eliphezulu. Kodwana nangabe amakhemikhali we-P&G azizwa angakathabi ngebanga lokutlhogeka kokuncintisana, nakanjani azokuqedwa.
U-Shoaib Arif, umphathi weenkonzo zokusebenzisa nezobuchwepheshe ku-Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, wahlathulula bona e-United States, i-Tide ne-Persil zimikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu lebhizinisi begodu zingahlukaniswa zibe mazinga amane wokusebenza. Eminyakeni edlulileko, u-Arif nabanye abososayensi be-Pilot basize iinkampani ezinengi zezinto zasendlini ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezitjha zokuhlanza neminye imikhiqizo yokuhlanza.
Emakethe ephasi, sisisetjenziswa sokuhlanza esibiza khulu. Ngokuya ngo-Arif, kungenzeka bona ine-surfactant etjhiphileko, njenge-linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) kanye namafleyiva nemibala. Isigaba esilandelako somkhiqizo singangezelela ama-surfactant adjuvants nofana ama-builders, afana ne-sodium citrate, i-tackifier kanye ne-surfactant yesibili.
I-LABS yi-anionic surfactant, elungele ukususa iinhlayiya ezindwangu begodu isebenza kuhle endwangu yekoteni. I-surfactant yesibili evamileko yi-ethanol ethoxylate, i-non-ionic surfactant, esebenza kuhle ukudlula i-LABS, khulukhulu ekususeni amafutha nokusilaphazeka emithanjeni yokwenziwa.
Esigabeni sesithathu, abafomula bangangezelela izinto ezikhanyako ngentengo ephasi kancani. Iinsetjenziswa ezikhanyako lezi zidosa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet bese ziwukhuphela endaweni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukwenza izambatho zibonakale zikhanya. Ama-surfactants angcono, ama-ejenti we-chelating, amanye ama-builders kanye nama-polymers alwisana nokubuyiselwa kabutjha avamise ukutholakala eenhlanganweni ezinjalo, ezingabamba ukusilaphazeka okuvela emanzini wokuhlanza ukukhandela bona kungafakwa phezu kwendwangu godu.
Iinsetjenziswa zokuhlanza ezibiza khulu zibonakala ngokuthwala okuphezulu kwe-surfactant kanye nezinye iinhlobo ezihlukahlukeneko ze-surfactant, ezifana nama-alcohol sulfates, ama-alcohol ethoxy sulfates, ama-amine oxides, ama-fatty acid soaps kanye nama-cations. Ama-polymer wokubamba ihlabathi engakajayeleki (amanye enzelwe amakhamphani afana ne-Procter & Gamble kanye ne-Henkel) nama-enzyme nawo awela esigabeni lesi.
Kodwana, u-Arif uyayelelisa bona ukubuthelela iinthako kuletha iintjhijilo zakho. Ngokwezinga elithileko, ukwakheka kwesisetjenziswa sokuhlanza yisayensi, begodu amakhemikhali ayazi ikhwalithi yamakhemikhali, njengomsebenzi wangaphezulu we-surfactants.
Wahlathulula wathi: “Kodwana, lokha ifomula nayikhiqiziweko, zoke izinto lezi zizokuthintana, begodu angeze wakwazi ukubikezela bona ifomula yokugcina izokwenzani.” "Kusafanele uhlole ukuqinisekisa bona iyasebenza epilweni yamambala."
Ukwenza isibonelo, ama-surfactants nama-builders angavimbela ukusebenza kwama-enzyme, kutsho u-Arif. Abakhiqizi be-detergent bangasebenzisa ama-enzyme stabilizer (njenge-sodium borate ne-calcium formate) ukurarulula umraro lo.
U-Franco Pala, usosayensi omkhulu we-Battelle's World Detergent Project, waveza bona okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-surfactant okutholakala emabhrendi we-detergent ephezulu nakho kungabangela imiraro. "Akulula ukufaka ama-surfactants amanengi kangaka ngezinga eliphezulu kangaka," kuchaza u-Pala. Ukuncibilika kuba mraro, begodu ukusebenzisana okumbi hlangana nama-surfactants nakho kuba mraro.
Ihlelo le-Battelle elinamaklayenti amanengi elidoswa phambili yi-Pala lathoma ekuthomeni kwabo-1990 ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwemihlobo emikhulu yemikhiqizo yokuhlanza yephasi loke. I-Battelle isebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinto zesayensi ukusiza abanikazi bemikhiqizo nabathengisi bezinto ezisetjenziswako ukudlula irhelo lezithako ukuzwisisa, ngokwesibonelo, izinga le-ethoxylation yama-surfactants nofana bona umgogodla we-surfactant unemigqa nofana unamagatja.
U-Para wathi namhlanjesi, ama-polymer mthombo oqakathekileko wokutjhugulula iinthako zokuhlanza. Ukwenza isibonelo, zombili imikhiqizo ye-Tide ne-Persil ine-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, okuyi-polymer edonsa ukusilaphazeka eyakhiwe yi-BASF ye-Procter & Gamble, kodwana nje sele itholakala khulu kubakhiqizi be-detergent.
U-Pala waveza bona ama-copolymer we-terephthalic acid nawo atholakala kezinye iinsetjenziswa zokuhlanza ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezizokumboza indwangu ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, okwenza kube lula ukususa amabala nokusilaphazeka ngesikhathi sokuhlanza okulandelako. U-Battelle usebenzisa amathulusi afana ne-gel permeation chromatography ukuhlukanisa ama-polymer bese usebenzisa i-infrared spectroscopy ukuthola ukwakheka kwawo.
Ihlelo le-Battelle libuye litjheje khulu ama-enzayimu, okuyimikhiqizo ye-biotech abakhiqizi abaragela phambili nokuyithuthukisa qobe mnyaka. Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-enzayimu, isiqhema saka-Pala saveza i-enzayimu esigabeni esine-chromophore. Lokha i-enzayimu nayonakalisa i-substrate, i-chromophore iyakhululwa bese ilinganiswa ngokumunywa nofana nge-fluorescence spectroscopy.
Amaphrotheyini ahlasela amaphrotheyini bekuma-enzayimu wokuthoma afakwa eentweni zokuhlanza ngasekupheleni kwabo-1960. Ama-enzayimu angezelelweko ngemva kwesikhathi afakahlangana i-amylase, ebola isitatshi, kanye ne-mannase, ebhidliza izinto eziqinileko ze-guar gum. Lokha ukudla okune-guar (okufana ne-ayisikhrimu nesosi ye-barbecue) nakuchitheka eengubeni, i-chewing gum izokuhlala eengubeni ngitjho nangemva kokuhlanzwa. Ifakwe ngaphakathi kwendwangu begodu isetjenziswa njengeglu yokusilaphazeka, okwenza amabala anzima ukuwasusa.
Kokubili i-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 kanye ne-Tide Ultra Stain Release ziqukethe i-protease, i-amylase kanye ne-mannase.
I-Persil ibuye ibe ne-lipase (engabola amafutha) kanye ne-cellulase (engahlanzwa ngokungakaqondi ngokuthi i-hydrolyze amanye ama-glycosidic bonds kufayibha yekoteni) ukususa ukungcola okunamathelene nefayibha. I-Cellulase ingenza ikoteni ibe buthakathaka begodu ithuthukise ukukhanya kombala wayo. Ngesikhathi esifanako, ngokuya kwemibhalo yelungelo lobunikazi, into ehlukileko ye-tidal detergent yi-glucanase, engabola ama-polysaccharides angakghoni ukuwabulala yi-amylase.
I-Novozymes ne-DuPont kade baba bakhiqizi abakhulu bama-enzayimu, kodwana i-BASF isanda kungena ebhizinisini ngendlela yama-proteases. Emhlanganweni wemiKhiqizo yokuHlanza ebanjwe e-Germany ekwindla edlulileko, i-BASF ikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-protease yayo etja ne-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, yathi ingxube le inikela ukusebenza okuthuthukisiweko kumakhasimende afisa ukwenza ama-detergent wokuhlanza ngamazinga aphasi.
Kuhlekuhle, u-Arif nabanye abatjheji bemakethe bathi ukuvumela abakhiqizi beensetjenziswa zokuhlanza bona benze iinthako ezitlhoga ukusetjenziswa kwamandla aphasi nofana ukuvikelwa kwebhoduluko emithonjeni yemvelo mkhawulo olandelako embonini. Ngenyanga kaMrhayili umnyaka ophelileko, i-P&G yethule i-Tide Purclean, okuyinguqulo yomhlobo wayo odumileko, lapho ama-65% wezithako zivela eentjalweni. Bese kuthi ngoMgwengweni, i-Unilever yathenga i-Seventh Generation, umkhiqizi weensetjenziswa zokuhlanza iintjalo neminye imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, ukungena godu emakethe yeensetjenziswa zokuhlanza ze-US.
Nanyana ukutjhugulula iinthako ezihle khulu zibe ziinsetjenziswa zokuhlanza ezithola imiklomelo kuhlala kuyinselele, "umkhuba wanamhlanjesi ungowemvelo," kutsho u-Arif. "Amakhasimende ayabuza, 'Senza njani imikhiqizo yemvelo engabi nobuthi ebantwini nebhodulukweni, kodwana isebenza kuhle?"