Amafemu wesamende afana nalawo atjengiswe lapha mthombo omkhulu we-carbon dioxide efuthumeza ubujamo bezulu. Kodwana ezinye zezinto ezisilaphazako zingatjhugululwa zibe mhlobo omutjha wamafutha. Itswayi leli lingagcinwa ngokuphepha amatjhumi weminyaka nofana isikhathi eside.
Le ngenye indatjana emlandelandeni oqala ithekhnoloji etja nezenzo ezingaphelisa ukutjhuguluka kobujamo bezulu, ukwehlisa imithelela yawo, nofana ukusiza imiphakathi bona iqalane nephasi elitjhuguluka msinyana.
Imisebenzi ekhipha i-carbon dioxide (CO2), irhasi evamileko ye-greenhouse, ifaka isandla ekufuthumeleni komkhathi wephasi. Umqondo wokukhupha i-CO2 emoyeni begodu uyigcine akusiyo into etja. Kodwana kunzima ukukwenza, khulukhulu lokha abantu nabakghona ukukwenza. Irherho elitjha lirarulula umraro wokusilaphazeka kwe-CO2 ngendlela ehlukileko. Itjhugulula irhasi efuthumeza ubujamo bezulu ngamakhemikhali ibe ziimbaseli.
Mhlana ali-15 kuNobayeni, abarhubhululi be-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) e-Cambridge bagadangise imiphumela yabo eqakathekileko kujenali ethi Cell Reports Physical Science.
Irherho labo elitjha lihlukaniswe laba ziingcenye ezimbili. Ingcenye yokuthoma ifaka hlangana ukutjhugulula i-carbon dioxide evela emoyeni ibe yi-molecule ebizwa nge-formate ukukhiqiza i-fuel. Njenge-carbon dioxide, i-formate ine-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni nama-athomu amabili we-oksijini, kanye ne-athomu eyodwa ye-hydrogen. Ifomethi nayo iqukethe ezinye izinto ezinengi. Irhubhululo elitjha lisebenzise itswayi le-formate, elithathwa ku-sodium nofana ku-potassium.
Inengi lamaseli wephethiloli asebenza nge-hydrogen, irhasi evuthako edinga amapayipi namathangi anegandeleleko ukuyithutha. Kodwana, amaseli wephethiloli angasebenza ngefomethi. I-Formate inamandla afana ne-hydrogen, ngokuya ngo-Li Ju, usosayensi wezinto okhokhela ukuthuthukiswa kwehlelo elitjha. I-Formate inezinzuzo ezithileko phezu kwe-hydrogen, u-Li Ju waphawula. Iphephile begodu ayitlhogi ukugcinwa okuphezulu.
Abarhubhululi be-MIT benze iseli yephethiloli ukuhlola i-formate, abayikhiqiza nge-carbon dioxide. Kokuthoma, bahlanganisa itswayi namanzi. Ingxube leyo beyifakwa ngaphakathi kweseli yephethiloli. Ngaphakathi kweseli yephethiloli, ifomethi ikhuphe ama-elektroni ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ama-elektroni la ageleza avela ku-elektrodi engakalungi ye-fuel cell ukuya ku-elektrodi ehle, aqeda isekhethi kagesi. Ama-elekthroni agelezako—umtjhini kagesi—gade akhona ama-awa ama-200 ngesikhathi sokulinga.
U-Zhen Zhang, usosayensi wezinto osebenza no-Li e-MIT, unethemba lokobana isiqhema sakhe sizokukghona ukuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji etja kungakapheli iminyaka elitjhumi.
Isiqhema se-MIT sokurhubhulula sisebenzise indlela yamakhemikhali ukutjhugulula i-carbon dioxide ibe sithako esiqakathekileko sokukhiqiza amafutha. Kokuthoma, bayibeka esixazululweni esine-alkali enengi. Bakhetha i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), eyaziwa nge-lye. Lokhu kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), eyaziwa ngcono nge-baking soda.
Bese bavula amandla. Umtjhini kagesi uvuse ukusabela okutjha kwamakhemikhali okwahlukanisa woke ama-athomu we-oksijini ku-molecule ye-baking soda, kwatjhiya i-sodium formate (NaCHO2). Irherho labo latjhugulula pheze yoke ikhabhoni ku-CO2 — engaphezu kwamaphesente ama-96 — yaba litswayi.
Amandla atlhogekako ukususa i-oksijini agcinwa emabhondini wamakhemikhali we-formate. UProfesa Li wathi i-formate ingagcina amandla la amatjhumi weminyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa mamandla angaba khona. Bese yenza igezi lokha nayidlula ngaphakathi kweseli yamafutha. Nangabe igezi esetjenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-formate ivela emandleni welanga, womoya nofana wamanzi, igezi ekhiqizwa yi-fuel cell izokuba mthombo wamandla ahlanzekileko.
Ukukhuphula ithekhnoloji etja, u-Lee wathi, "kufuze sithole imithombo ecebileko ye-lye." Wafunda umhlobo wedwala elibizwa nge-alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Nayihlanganiswa namanzi, amatje la aphenduka i-lye.
U-Farzan Kazemifar usonjinyera e-San Jose State University e-California. Irhubhululo lakhe lidzimelele ekubulungeni i-carbon dioxide ngaphasi kwehlabathi. Ukususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bekusolo kubudisi begodu lokho kubiza imali enengi, uthi. Njeke kuzuzisa ukutjhugulula i-CO2 ibe mikhiqizo esetjenziswako njenge-formate. Iindleko zomkhiqizo zingavala iindleko zokukhiqiza.
Kube nerhubhululo elinengi lokubamba i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Ukwenza isibonelo, isiqhema sesayensi se-Lehigh University mhlapha nje sichaze enye indlela yokuhlunga i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bese uyitjhugulula ibe yi-baking soda. Amanye amaqembu wokurhubhulula agcina i-CO2 ematjeni akhethekileko, ayitjhugulula ibe yi-carbon eqinileko engasetjenziswa ibe yi-ethanol, isibaseli se-alcohol. Inengi lamaphrojekthi la mancani begodu akakabi nomthelela omkhulu ekwehliseni amazinga aphezulu we-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
Isithombe lesi sitjengisa indlu esebenzisa i-carbon dioxide. Idivayisi etjengiswe lapha itjhugulula i-carbon dioxide (amamolekhyuli asemabhamuleni abomvu namhlophe) abe litswayi elibizwa ngokuthi yi-formate (amabhamuza ahlaza satjani, abomvu, amhlophe, nanzima). Itswayi leli lingasetjenziswa ngaphakathi kweseli yamafutha ukukhiqiza igezi.
U-Kazemifar wathi indlela yethu engcono khulu "ukunciphisa ukukhutjhwa kommoya we-greenhouse qangi." Enye indlela yokwenza lokho kufaka esikhundleni seembaseli ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekako njengomoya nofana ilanga. Lokhu kuyingcenye yokutjhuguluka abososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi "ukususwa kwekhabhoni." Kodwana wengeze wathi ukumisa ukutjhuguluka kobujamo bezulu kuzokutlhoga iindlela ezinengi. Ithekhnoloji etja le iyatlhogeka ukubamba ikhabhoni eendaweni ezibudisi ukuyikhipha ikhabhoni, watjho. Thatha iindawo zokugaya zensimbi namafemu wesamente, ukutjho iimbonelo ezimbili.
Isiqhema se-MIT sibuye sibone iinzuzo ekuhlanganiseni ithekhnoloji yaso etja namandla welanga nomoya. Amabhetri wesintu enzelwe ukugcina amandla amaviki ngesikhathi. Ukugcina ukukhanya kwelanga kwehlobo ebusika nofana isikhathi eside kutlhoga indlela ehlukileko. "Nge-formate fuel," kutsho u-Lee, awusakghoni ukugcinwa kwesizini. "Kungaba yisizukulwana."
Kungenzeka ingakhanyi njengegolide, kodwana "Ngingatjhiya amathani ama-200... we-formate emadodaneni namadodakazi wami," kutsho u-Lee, "njengelifa."
I-alkaline: Isiphawulo esichaza into yamakhemikhali eyakha ama-ayoni we-hydroxide (OH-) esixazululweni. Iinsombululo lezi zibizwa ngokuthi zi-alkaline (ngokungafani ne-asidi) begodu zine-pH engaphezu kuka-7.
I-Aquifer: Ukwakheka kwamatje akwazi ukubamba amadamu wamanzi angaphasi komhlaba. Ithemu leli lisebenza nakumabhesini angaphasi kwehlabathi.
I-Basalt: Ilitje elimnyama le-volcanic elivamise ukuba liminyene khulu (ngaphandle kobana ukuqhuma kwe-volcano kutjhiye amaphakethe amakhulu wegesi ngaphakathi kwalo).
isibopho: (ngekhemisi) ukuhlobana okungapheliko hlangana nama-athomu (nofana amaqembu wama-athomu) ku-molecule. Yakhiwa ngamandla adosa hlangana nama-athomu ahlanganyelako. Lokha amabhondi sele akhiwe, ama-athomu asebenza njengeyunithi. Ukuhlukanisa ama-athomu akhako, amandla ngendlela yokutjhisa nofana eminye imisebe kufanele anikelwe emamolekhyuli.
Ikhabhoni: Into yamakhemikhali eyisisekelo sakho koke ukuphila ephasini. Ikhabhoni ikhona ngokutjhaphuluka ngendlela yegrafayithi nedayimani. Yingcenye eqakathekileko yamalahle, ilitje le-limestone, kanye ne-petroleum, begodu ikghona ukuzihlanganisa ngamakhemikhali ukwakha amamolekhyuli ahlukahlukeneko wamakhemikhali, wezinto eziphilako, kanye newokuthengisa. (Ekurhubhululeni ubujamo bezulu) Ibizo elithi ikhabhoni kwesinye isikhathi lisetjenziswa ngokufana nekhabhoni dioksayidi ukutjho umthelela ongaba khona isenzo, umkhiqizo, umthethokambiso, nofana ikambiso engaba nawo ekufuthumeleni kwesikhathi eside komkhathi.
I-carbon dioxide: (nofana i-CO2) yirhasi enganambala, enganaphunga ekhiqizwa ziinlwana zoke lokha i-oksijini eziyiphefumulako nayihlangana nokudla okunekhabhoni enengi ezikudlako. I-carbon dioxide nayo ikhutjhwa lokha izinto eziphilako, okufakahlangana amafutha afana namafutha nofana irhasi yemvelo, nazitjhiswako. I-carbon dioxide yirhasi ye-greenhouse ebamba umtjhiso emkhathini wephasi. Iintjalo zitjhugulula i-carbon dioxide ibe yi-oksijini ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis begodu zisebenzisa ikambiso le ukwenza ukudla kwazo.
Isimende: Isihlanganisi esisetjenziselwa ukubamba izinto ezimbili ndawonye, ​​okwenza bona ziqine zibe yinto eqinileko, nofana iglu eqinileko esetjenziselwa ukubamba izinto ezimbili ndawonye. (Ukwakhiwa) Into egayiweko esetjenziselwa ukubopha isihlabathi nofana ilitje eliphukileko ndawonye ukwenza ikhonkrithi. Isemende ivamise ukwenziwa njengepuyere. Kodwana nasele imanzi, itjhuguluka ibe yi-slurry enodaka eba budisi lokha nayomileko.
Ikhemikhali: Into eyakhiwe ngama-athomu amabili nofana ngaphezulu ahlanganisiweko (ahlanganisiweko) ngesilinganiso esiqinileko nesakhiwo. Ukwenza isibonelo, amanzi yinto yamakhemikhali eyakhiwe ngama-athomu amabili we-hydrogen ahlanganiswe ne-athomu eyodwa ye-oksijini. Ifomula yamakhemikhali yayo yi-H2O. “Ikhemikhali” ingasetjenziswa njengesiphawulo ukuhlathulula izakhiwo zento ezibangelwa kuphendula okuhlukahlukeneko hlangana namakhompawundi ahlukileko.
Ukuhlobana kwamakhemikhali: Amandla wokudonsa hlangana nama-athomu anamandla ngokwaneleko ukwenza bona izinto ezihlangeneko zisebenze njengeyunithi. Ezinye izinto ezikhangako zibuthakathaka, ezinye zinamandla. Zoke iimbondo zibonakala zihlanganisa ama-athomu ngokwabelana (nofana ukulinga ukwabelana) ama-elekthroni.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Ikambiso ebandakanya ukuhlela kabutjha kwamamolekhyuli nofana izakhiwo zento kunokobana kube nokutjhuguluka kwendlela ebonakala ngayo (isib., ukusuka kokuqinileko ukuya kugesi).
Ikhemistri: igatja lesayensi elifunda ukwakheka, ukwakheka, izakhiwo, nokusebenzisana kwezinto. Abososayensi basebenzisa ilwazi leli ukufunda izinto ezingakajayeleki, ukukhiqiza izinto eziwusizo ngobunengi, nofana ukuklama nokwakha izinto ezitjha eziwusizo. (yamakhemikhali) Ikhemistri godu itjho ifomula yamakhemikhali, indlela eyenziwa ngayo, nofana ezinye zeempawu zayo. Abantu abasebenza emkhakheni lo babizwa ngokuthi makhemikhali. (esayensi yezenhlalakahle) ikghono labantu lokusebenzisana, ukuzwana, nokuthabela ukuhlanganyela nomunye nomunye.
Ukutjhuguluka kobujamo bezulu: Ukutjhuguluka okukhulu, kwesikhathi eside kobujamo bezulu bomhlaba. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokwemvelo nofana ngebanga lemisebenzi yabantu, okufaka hlangana ukutjhisa amafutha we-fossil kanye nokuhlanza amahlathi.
Ukususwa kwekhabhoni: kutjho ukutjhuguluka ngamabomu kude nobuchwepheshe obusilaphazako, imisebenzi, nemithombo yamandla ekhupha amagesi we-greenhouse asekelwe kukhabhoni, afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-methane, ukuya emoyeni. Umnqopho kukwehlisa inani lamagesi wekhabhoni anegalelo ekutjhugulukeni kobujamo bezulu.
Igezi: Ukugeleza kwetjhaji kagesi, okuvamise ukubangelwa kukhamba kweenhlayiya ezinetjhaji embi ezibizwa ngokuthi ma-elektroni.
I-elekthronikhi: inhlayiya enetjhaji elingakalungi evamise ukujikeleza indawo yangaphandle ye-athomu; godu mthwali wegezi eentweni eziqinileko.
Unjiniyela: Umuntu osebenzisa isayensi neembalo ukurarulula imiraro. Lokha nalisetjenziswa njengesenzo, ibizo elithi unjiniyela litjho ukuklama isisetjenziswa, into, nofana ikambiso yokurarulula umraro nofana isidingo esingakafezeki.
I-Ethanol: Utjwala, obubizwa nangokuthi yi-ethyl alcohol, okuyisisekelo seenselo ezidakayo ezifana nobhiya, iwayini, kanye nama-spirit. Ibuye isetjenziswe njenge-solvent kanye ne-fuel (ngokwesibonelo, kanengi ihlanganiswe nophethiloli).
Isihlungi: (n.) Into eyenza bona ezinye izinto zidlule kuthi ezinye zidlule, kuya ngobukhulu bazo nofana ezinye iimpawu. (v.) Ikambiso yokukhetha izinto ezithileko ngokuya ngezakhiwo ezifana nobukhulu, ukuminyana, ukutjhaja, njll. (kufiziksi) Isikrini, ipuleti, nofana isendlalelo sento edonsa ukukhanya nofana eminye imisebe nofana ngokukhetha ukuvimbela ezinye zeengcenye zayo bona zingadluli.
I-Formate: Ibizo elijwayelekileko lama-salt nofana ama-ester we-formic acid, indlela ene-oksijini ye-fatty acid. (I-ester yikhompawundi esekelwe kukhabhoni eyakhiwe ngokubuyiselwa kwama-athomu we-hydrogen wama-esidi athileko ngemihlobo ethileko yamaqembu we-organic. Amafutha amanengi namafutha aqakathekileko ngama-ester wama-esidi wamafutha avela ngokwemvelo.)
Iimbaseli: Nanyana ngiziphi iimbaseli, ezifana namalahle, ipetroliyamu (i-oli ehlanzekileko), nofana irhasi yemvelo, eyakhiwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ngaphakathi kwePhasi ngeensalela ezibolako zamabhaktheriya, iintjalo, nofana iinlwana.
I-Fuel: Nanyana ngiyiphi into ekhipha amandla ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali alawulwako nofana ukusabela kwenyukliya. Iimbaseli (amalahle, irhasi yemvelo, namafutha) ziimbaseli ezijayelekileko ezikhipha amandla ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali lokha nazifuthumeleko (ngokuvamileko ukufikela lapho zivutha khona).
Iseli yamafutha: Isisetjenziswa esitjhugulula amandla wamakhemikhali abe ngamandla kagesi. Isibaseli esivame khulu yi-hydrogen, umkhiqizo wayo kwaphela umhwamuko wamanzi.
I-Geology: Isichasiso esichaza yoke into ehlobene nesakhiwo sePhasi, izinto zawo, umlando, kanye neenkambo ezenzeka kiwo. Abantu abasebenza emkhakheni lo babizwa nge-geologists.
Ukufuthumala kwephasi: Ukukhula kancanikancani kwamazinga womtjhiso womkhathi wephasi ngebanga lomphumela we-greenhouse. Umphumela lo ubangelwa kukhuphuka kwamazinga we-carbon dioxide, i-chlorofluorocarbons, namanye amagesi emoyeni, amanengi wawo akhutjhwa misebenzi yabantu.
I-Hydrogen: Into elula khulu ephasini loke. Njengegesi, ayinambala, ayinaphunga, begodu iyavutha khulu. Yingcenye yamafutha amanengi, amafutha, namakhemikhali enza amathitjhu aphilako. Ibunjwa yiphrothoni (inyukliya) kanye ne-elektroni eyijikelezako.
Ukusungula: (v. ukusungula; isib. ukusungula) Ukulungiswa nofana ukuthuthukisa umqondo okhona, ikambiso, nofana umkhiqizo ukwenza bona ube mutjha, uhlakaniphe, usebenze kuhle, nofana ube lisizo.
I-Lye: Ibizo elijwayelekileko le-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. I-Lye ivamise ukuhlanganiswa namafutha wemirorho nofana amafutha weenlwana nezinye iinthako ukwenza isibha.
Usosayensi wezinto: Umrhubhululi ofunda ubudlelwano hlangana nesakhiwo se-athomu namamolekhyuli wezinto kanye nezakhiwo zazo zoke. Iingcwethi zezinto eziphathekako zingathuthukisa izinto ezitjha nofana zihlaziye ezikhona. Ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zoke zezinto, ezifana nokuminyana, amandla, kanye nendawo yokuncibilika, kungasiza abonjiniyela nabanye abarhubhululi ukukhetha izinto ezihle khulu zokusetjenziswa okutjha.
I-molecule: Isiqhema sama-athomu angathathi ihlangothi ngegezi ajamele inani elincani khulu lekhemikhali. Amamolekhyuli angenziwa mhlobo munye we-athomu nofana imihlobo ehlukileko yama-athomu. Ukwenza isibonelo, i-oksijini emoyeni yakhiwe ngama-athomu amabili we-oksijini (O2), begodu amanzi akhiwe ngama-athomu amabili we-hydrogen kanye ne-athomu eyodwa ye-oksijini (H2O).
I-Polutant: Into engcolisa into, njengomoya, amanzi, abantu, nofana ukudla. Ezinye izinto ezisilaphazako ngamakhemikhali, afana namakhemikhali wokubulala iinlwanyana. Ezinye izinto ezisilaphazako zingaba yimisebe, okufakahlangana ukutjhisa okukhulu nofana ukukhanya. Ngitjho nokhula nezinye iinhlobo ezihlaselako zingathathwa njengendlela yokusilaphazeka kwezinto eziphilako.
I-Potent: Isichasiso esitjho into enamandla khulu nofana enamandla (njengegciwani, itjhefu, umuthi, nofana i-asidi).
Okuvuselelekako: Isichasiso esitjho umthombo ongathathelwa indawo ngokungapheliko (njengamanzi, iintjalo ezihlaza satjani, ukukhanya kwelanga, nomoya). Lokhu kuqathaniswa nemithombo engavuselelekiko, enomthamo olinganiselwe begodu ingaphela. Iinsetjenziswa ezingavuselelekiko zifaka hlangana amafutha (nezinye iinsetjenziswa) nofana izinto ezingakavami namaminerali.