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Ukunwebeka kwe-shale emadamu we-clastic kudala imiraro emikhulu, okurholela ekungazinzini kwemigodi. Ngebanga lezebhoduluko, ukusetjenziswa kwe-fluid yokubhora esekelwe emanzini enezivimbeli ze-shale ezingezelelweko kukhethwa ukudlula i-fluid yokubhora esekelwe emafutheni. I-ionic liquids (ILs) idose ukutjhejwa okukhulu njengeenqabo ze-shale ngebanga lezakhiwo zazo ezitjhugulukako kanye neemfanelo zazo ezinamandla ze-elekthrostathikhi. Kodwana, i-imidazolyl-based ionic liquids (ILs), esetjenziswa khulu emanzini wokubhora, sele itjengise bona inobuthi, ayiboli begodu iyabiza. I-deep eutectic solvents (i-DES) ithathwa njengendlela engabiziko begodu enganabuthi obunengi ukudlula amanzi we-ionic, kodwana isatlhoga ukusimama kwebhoduluko okutlhogekako. Ithuthuko yakamuva emkhakheni lo irholele ekutheni kwethulwe iinsombululo ezijulileko zemvelo (i-NADES), ezaziwa ngokuba nobungani bebhoduluko. Irhubhululo leli lihlolisise ama-NADES, ane-citric acid (njenge-hydrogen bond acceptor) kanye ne-glycerol (njenge-hydrogen bond donor) njenge-drilling fluid additives. I-NADES-based drilling fluids yakhiwe ngokuya nge-API 13B-1 begodu ukusebenza kwayo kwafaniswa ne-potassium chloride-based drilling fluids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, kanye ne-choline chloride:urea-DES-based drilling fluids. Iimpawu ze-physicochemical zama-NADES akhethekileko zichazwe ngokunabileko. Iimpawu ze-rheological, ukulahlekelwa kwe-fluid, kanye ne-shale yokuvimbela kwe-fluid yokubhola kwahlolwa ngesikhathi sesifundo, begodu kwatjengiswa bona ekuhlanganisweni kwe-3% ye-NADES, i-yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) yakhuphuka, ukujiya kwekhekhe lodaka kwehliswa ngama-26%, begodu ivolumu ye-filtrate yehliswa ngama-30%. Ngokuphawulekako, i-NADES ifinyelele izinga elikarisako lokukhandela ukunwetshwa kwama-49.14% begodu yakhuphula ukukhiqizwa kwe-shale ngama-86.36%. Imiphumela le ihlotjaniswa nekghono le-NADES lokutjhugulula umsebenzi wephasi, amandla we-zeta, kanye nokuhlukaniswa hlangana nama-clay, okukhulunywa ngakho ephepheni le ukuzwisisa iindlela eziqakathekileko. I-fluid yokubhora esimemeko kulindeleke bona itjhugulule ibubulo lokubhora ngokunikela ngenye indlela enganabuthi, engabiziko, nesebenzako khulu ukudlula iindlela ezijayelekileko zokuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-shale, okuzokuvula indlela yokwenza iindlela zokubhora ezingalimazi ibhoduluko.
I-Shale lilitje elisebenza ngeendlela ezinengi elisebenza njengomthombo nendawo yokugcina ama-hydrocarbons, begodu isakhiwo sayo esineembobo1 sinikela ngamandla wokukhiqiza nokubulungwa kwemithombo eqakathekileko. Nanyana kunjalo, i-shale inothile ngamaminerali wobumba afana ne-montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite kanye ne-illite, okwenza bona ivuvuke lokha nayivezwa emanzini, okudosela ekutheni umgodi ungazinzi ngesikhathi sokubhora2,3. Iindaba lezi zingadosela ekutheni kube nesikhathi esingakhiqiziko (i-NPT) kanye nemiraro eminengi yokusebenza efakahlangana amapayipi abambekeko, ukulahleka kokugeleza kwedaka, ukuwohloka kwemithombo kanye nokusilaphazeka okuncani, okukhuphula isikhathi sokubuyisela kanye neendleko. Ngokwesiko, amanzi wokubhora asekelwe emafutheni (i-OBDF) bekuyindlela ekhethwako yokwakheka kwe-shale ngebanga lamandla wawo wokujamelana nokunwebeka kwe-shale4. Kodwana, ukusetjenziswa kweensetjenziswa zokubhora ezisekelwe emafutheni kufaka hlangana iindleko eziphezulu kanye nobungozi bebhoduluko. Iinsetjenziswa zokubhoboza ezisekelwe ekwenzeni (i-SBDF) zithathwe njengenye indlela, kodwana ukufaneleka kwazo emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu akunelisi. Iinsetjenziswa zokubhora ezisekelwe emanzini (i-WBDF) zisisombululo esihle ngombana ziphephile, azilimazi ibhoduluko, begodu azibizi ukudlula i-OBDF5. Iinqabo ezihlukahlukeneko ze-shale zisetjenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ikghono lokuvimbela i-shale le-WBDF, kufaka hlangana iinqabo zendabuko ezifana ne-potassium chloride, i-lime, i-silicate, kanye ne-polymer. Nanyana kunjalo, iinqabo lezi zinemikhawulo malungana nokusebenza nomthelela ebhodulukweni, khulukhulu ngebanga lokugxila okuphezulu kwe-K+ kuma-inhibithi we-potassium chloride kanye nokuzwela kwe-pH kwama-silicates. 6 Abarhubhululi bahlole ithuba lokusebenzisa amanzi we-ionic njengeenthako zokubhora ukwenza ngcono i-rheology yamanzi wokubhora nokukhandela ukuvuvuka kwe-shale nokwakheka kwe-hydrate. Kodwana, amanzi we-ionic, khulukhulu lawo ane-imidazolyl cations, avamise ukuba nobuthi, ayabiza, awaboli, begodu atlhoga iindlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokuzilungiselela. Ukurarulula imiraro le, abantu bathoma ukufuna enye indlela ezonga imali nengalimazi ibhoduluko, okwabangela ukuvela kwe-deep eutectic solvents (DES). I-DES yinhlanganisela ye-eutectic eyakhiwe mnikeli we-hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye ne-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ngesilinganiso esithileko se-molar kanye nezinga lokutjhisa. Iinhlanganisela ze-eutectic zinamaphuzu aphasi wokuncibilika ukudlula iingcenye zazo ngazinye, khulukhulu ngebanga lokuhlukaniswa kwetjhaji okubangelwa mabhondi we-hydrogen. Iinzathu ezinengi, ezifaka hlangana amandla we-lattice, ukutjhuguluka kwe-entropy, nokusebenzisana hlangana nama-anion ne-HBD, zidlala indima eqakathekileko ekwehliseni iphuzu lokuncibilika le-DES.
Eemfundweni zangaphambilini, iinthako ezihlukahlukeneko zafakwa emanzini wokubhora ukurarulula umraro wokunwebeka kwe-shale. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Ofei et al. yengeza i-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), eyanciphisa khulu ukujiya kwekhekhe lodaka (kuze kube ngu-50%) begodu yehlisa inani le-YP/PV nge-11 emazingeni womtjhiso ahlukileko. U-Huang et al. wasebenzisa amanzi we-ayoni (ngokukhethekileko, i-1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) ngokuhlanganiswa nama-Na-Bt begodu yehlisa khulu ukuvuvuka kwe-shale ngama-86.43% kanye nama-94.17%, ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Yang et al. wasebenzisa i-1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide ukwehlisa ukuvuvuka kwe-shale nge-16.91% kanye ne-5.81%, ngokulandelana. 13 Yang et al. nayo yasebenzisa i-1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide begodu yehlisa ukwanda kwe-shale ngama-31.62% ngesikhathi igcina ukubuyiselwa kwe-shale ku-40.60%. 14 Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Luo et al. wasebenzisa i-1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ukwehlisa ukuvuvuka kwe-shale ngama-80%. 15, 16 Dai et al. wasebenzisa i-ionic liquid copolymers ukuvimbela i-shale begodu wazuza ukwanda okuyi-18% ekubuyiseleni okulandelanako nayiqathaniswa nama-amine inhibitors. 17
Amanzi we-ionic ngokwawo anezinto ezimbi, okwenza bona abososayensi bafune ezinye iindlela ezingalimazi ibhoduluko ukudlula amanzi we-ionic, begodu kwazalwa i-DES. U-Hanjia waba ngowokuthoma ukusebenzisa iinsombululo ezijulileko (DES) ezibunjwa yi-vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), i-vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), kanye ne-3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), ebegade zivimbele ukuvuvuka kwe-bentonite ngama-8%, 8,8% 58%, ngokulandelana18. Ekuhlolweni kwamahhala, i-MH Rasul isebenzise isilinganiso se-2:1 se-glycerol ne-potassium carbonate (DES) begodu yehlisa khulu ukuvuvuka kwamasampula we-shale nge-87%19,20. U-Ma wasebenzisa i-urea:vinyl chloride ukwehlisa khulu ukwanda kwe-shale nge-67%.21 U-Rasul et al. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DES ne-polymer kwasetjenziswa njenge-dual-action shale inhibitor, eyazuza umphumela omuhle khulu wokuvimbela i-shale22.
Nanyana i-deep eutectic solvents (DES) ivamise ukuthathwa njengenye indlela eluhlaza ukudlula amanzi we-ionic, nayo inezinto ezingaba nobuthi ezifana namasawoti we-ammonium, okwenza bona ukungalimazi ibhoduluko kwazo kube yinto ethandabuzekako. Umraro lo urholele ekuthuthukisweni kweenthako zemvelo ezijulileko (i-NADES). Zisahlukaniswa njenge-DES, kodwana zakhiwe zizinto zemvelo kanye netswayi, okufakahlangana i-potassium chloride (KCl), i-calcium chloride (CaCl2), i-Epsom salts (MgSO4.7H2O), nezinye. Iinhlanganisela ezinengi ezingaba khona ze-DES ne-NADES zivula indawo ebanzi yokwenza irhubhululo endaweni le begodu kulindeleke bona zithole ukusetjenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko. Abarhubhululi abanengi baphumelele ukuthuthukisa iinhlanganisela ezitjha ze-DES ezitjengise ukusebenza eensetjenzisweni ezihlukahlukeneko. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Naser et al. 2013 yakha i-DES esekelwe ku-potassium carbonate begodu yafunda izakhiwo zayo ze-thermophysical, eyathola ukusetjenziswa eendaweni zokuvimbela i-hydrate, ukungezelela amanzi wokubhora, i-delignification, kanye ne-nanofibrillation. 23 U-Jordy Kim nabasebenzisani bakhe i-NADES esekelwe ku-ascorbic acid begodu bahlola ubujamo bayo bokulwisana ne-oxidant eensetjenzisweni ezihlukahlukeneko. 24 Christer et al. yenza i-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid begodu yabona amandla wayo njengesisetjenziswa semikhiqizo ye-collagen. 25 U-Liu Yi nalabo asebenza nabo bafingqa ukusetjenziswa kwe-NADES njengemidiya yokukhipha ne-chromatography ekubuyekezweni okupheleleko, lokha u-Misan et al. sikhulume ngokusetjenziswa okuphumeleleko kwe-NADES emkhakheni wezokulima nokudla. Kuqakathekile bona abarhubhululi be-fluid yokubhola bathome ukutjheja ukusebenza kwe-NADES ekusetjenzisweni kwabo. mhlapha. Ngo-2023, u-Rasul et al. wasebenzisa iinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukeneko ze-deep eutectic solvents zemvelo ezisekelwe ku-ascorbic acid26, i-calcium chloride27, i-potassium chloride28 kanye ne-Epsom salt29 begodu kwazuza ukuvinjelwa okukarisako kwe-shale nokubuyiselwa kwe-shale. Irhubhululo leli ngelinye lamaphenyo wokuthoma wokwethula i-NADES (ikakhulukazi i-citric acid kanye ne-glycerol-based formulation) njengesivimbeli se-shale esinobungani begodu esisebenzako emanzini wokubhora, esibonisa ukuzinza okuhle khulu kwebhoduluko, ikghono lokuvimbela i-shale elithuthukisiweko kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiweko kwe-fluid nayimadaniswa nama-inhibitor wesintu afana ne-KCl, i-imzoid-izoni kanye nama-DES wesintu.
Irhubhululo lizokufaka hlangana ukulungiselela ngaphakathi kwe-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid (CA) kulandele ukuhlathulula okunabileko kwe-physicochemical nokusetjenziswa kwayo njengesengezo samanzi wokubhora ukuhlola ubujamo bamanzi wokubhora kanye nekghono layo lokuvimbela ukuvuvuka. Esifundweni lesi, i-CA izokusebenza njenge-hydrogen bond acceptor kuthi i-glycerol (Gly) izokusebenza njenge-hydrogen bond donor ekhethwe ngokuya ngeendlela zokuhlola i-MH zokwakheka/ukukhethwa kwe-NADES eenhlolweni zokuvimbela i-shale30. I-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), i-X-ray diffraction (XRD) kanye ne-zeta potential (ZP) ukulinganisa kuzokuveza ukusebenzisana kwe-NADES-clay kanye nendlela yokukhandela ukuvuvuka kwe-clay. Ukungezelela, irhubhululo leli lizokumadanisa i-CA NADES esekelwe emanzini wokubhora ne-DES32 esekelwe ku-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl kanye ne-choline chloride:urea (1:2) ukuhlola ukusebenza kwawo ekuvimbeleni i-shale drilling fluid.
I-citric acid (monohydrate), i-glycerol (99 USP), kanye ne-urea zathengwa e-EvaChem, e-Kuala Lumpur, e-Malaysia. I-choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, kanye ne-potassium chloride zathengwa ku-Sigma Aldrich, e-Malaysia. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zawo woke amakhemikhali zitjengiswe kuMfanekiso 1. Umdwebo oluhlaza uqathanisa amakhemikhali amakhulu asetjenziswe esifundweni lesi: i-imidazolyl ionic liquid, i-choline chloride (DES), i-citric acid, i-glycerol, i-potassium chloride, kanye ne-NADES (i-citric acid ne-glycerol). Ithebula lokuthanda imvelo lamakhemikhali asetjenziswe esifundweni lesi livezwe kuThebuli 1. Ethebuleni, ikhemikhali ngayinye ilinganiswa ngokuya ngobuthi, ukubola, iindleko, nokusimama kwebhoduluko.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezisetjenziswe esifundweni lesi: (a) i-citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, kanye (d) ne-glycerol.
I-hydrogen bond donor (HBD) kanye ne-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) abakhethiweko bokuthuthukisa i-CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) esekelwe ku-NADES bakhethwe ngokutjheja ngokuya kwendlela yokukhetha ye-MH 30, ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa i-NADES njengeenvimbeli ezisebenzako ze-shale. Ngokuya ngalendlela, iingcenye ezinenani elikhulu labanikeli be-hydrogen bond nabamukeli kanye namaqembu asebenzako we-polar athathwa njengafanele ukuthuthukisa i-NADES.
Ukungezelela, i-ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl kanye ne-choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) zikhethelwe ukumadanisa esifundweni lesi ngombana zisetjenziswa khulu njengeenthako ze-drilling fluid33,34,35,36. Ukungezelela, i-potassium chloride (KCl) yamadaniswa ngombana yi-inhibitor evamileko.
I-citric acid ne-glycerol zahlanganiswa ngama-molar ratio ahlukileko ukuthola imihlanganisela ye-eutectic. Ukuhlola okubonwako kutjengise bona umruburubu we-eutectic bewufana, uketshezi olukhanyako ngaphandle kokufiphala, okutjengisa bona i-hydrogen bond donor (HBD) kanye ne-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) zahlanganiswa ngempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwe-eutectic. Iimhloliso zokuthoma zenziwa ukutjheja ukuziphatha okuthembele emazingeni womtjhiso wendlela yokuhlanganisa i-HBD ne-HBA. Ngokuya ngemitlolo etholakalako, inani leenhlanganisela ze-eutectic lahlolwa emazingeni womtjhiso amathathu akhethekileko angaphezulu kwama-50 °C, ama-70 °C kanye ne-100 °C, okutjengisa bona amazinga womtjhiso we-eutectic avamise ukuba phakathi kwama-50 ukuya ku-80 °C. Ibhalansi yedijithali ye-Mettler yasetjenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokunembileko iingcenye ze-HBD ne-HBA, begodu ipuleti etjhisako ye-Thermo Fisher yasetjenziselwa ukutjhisa nokuvuselela i-HBD ne-HBA nge-100 rpm ngaphasi kwemibandela elawulwako.
Iimpawu ze-thermophysical ze-deep eutectic solvent (DES) yethu eyenziweko, okufaka hlangana ukuminyana, ukugandeleleka kwendawo, inkomba yokuphuka, kanye nokutjhisa, kwalinganiswa ngokunembileko phezu kwezinga lokutjhisa ukusuka ku-289.15 ukuya ku-333.15 K. Kufanele kuqashelwe bona izinga lokutjhisa leli lakhethwa khulukhulu ngebanga lokulinganiselwa kwemitjhini ekhona. Ukuhlaziywa okupheleleko kufaka hlangana isifundo esijulileko sezakhiwo ezihlukahlukeneko ze-thermophysical ze-NADES, okuveza ukuziphatha kwazo emazingeni womtjhiso ahlukahlukeneko. Ukutjheja izinga lokutjhisa elithileko kunikela ukuzwisisa ngezakhiwo ze-NADES eziqakatheke khulu eensetjenzisweni ezinengi.
Ukugandeleleka kwe-NADES elungiselelweko kwalinganiswa ukusuka ku-289.15 ukuya ku-333.15 K kusetjenziswa i-interfacial tension meter (IFT700). Amathonsi we-NADES akhiwa ngekamelweni elizele ivolumu ekulu yamanzi ngokusebenzisa inaliti ye-capillary ngaphasi kweemeko ezithileko zokutjhisa nokugandeleleka. Iinhlelo zesimanjemanje zokuthatha iinthombe zethula amapharamitha wejometri afaneleko ukubala ukugandeleleka kwe-interfacial kusetjenziswa i-equation ye-Laplace.
I-ATAGO refractometer yasetjenziselwa ukuthola i-refractive index ye-NADES esanda kulungiswa phezu kwezinga lokutjhisa elingu-289.15 ukuya ku-333.15 K. Isisetjenziswa sisebenzisa imojuli yokutjhisa ukulawula izinga lokutjhisa ukulinganisa izinga lokutjhisa kokukhanya, okuqeda isidingo sokugeza ngamanzi okutjhisa okungaguqukiko. Iphasi le-prism le-refractometer kufanele lihlanzwe begodu isisombululo sesampula kufanele sisabalaliswe ngokulinganako phezu kwalo. Linganisa ngesisombululo esijwayelekileko esaziwako, bese ufunda i-refractive index esikrinini.
Ukuqina kwe-NADES elungiselelweko kwalinganiswa phezu kwezinga lokutjhisa elingu-289.15 ukuya ku-333.15 K kusetjenziswa i-Brookfield rotational viscometer (umhlobo we-cryogenic) ngezinga lokusika lama-30 rpm kanye nobukhulu be-spindle obungu-6. I-viscometer ilinganisa ukuqina ngokunquma i-torque etlhogekako ukujikelezisa isipindle esifanako esampuleni emanzini. Ngemva kobana isampula ibekwe esikrinini ngaphasi kwe-spindle begodu iqiniswe, i-viscometer itjengisa ukuqina nge-centipoise (cP), inikela ilwazi eliqakathekileko ngezakhiwo ze-rheological ze-liquid.
Imitha yokuminyana ephathekako i-DMA 35 Basic yasetjenziselwa ukuthola ukuminyana kwesisombululo semvelo esijulileko (i-NDEES) esanda kulungiswa emazingeni womtjhiso angama-289.15–333.15 K. Njengombana idivayisi ingenayo i-heater eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kufanele ifuthumele ngaphambilini ukufikela emazingeni womtjhiso atjhiwoko (± 2 °C) ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imitha ye-NES. Dweba okungenani i-2 ml yesampula ngetjhubhu, begodu ukuminyana kuzokutjengiswa msinyana esikrinini. Kuqakathekile ukutjheja bona ngebanga lokutlhogeka kwe-heater eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, imiphumela yokulinganisa inephutha le-± 2 °C.
Ukuhlola i-pH ye-NADES esanda kulungiswa emazingeni womtjhiso angama-289.15 ukuya ku-333.15 K, sisebenzise i-Kenis benchtop pH meter. Njengombana kungekho sisetjenziswa sokufuthumala esakhelwe ngaphakathi, i-NADES yathoma ngokufuthumala ukuya emazingeni womtjhiso afunekako (±2 °C) kusetjenziswa i-hotplate bese ilinganiswa ngqo nge-pH meter. Faka ngokupheleleko i-pH meter probe ku-NADES bese urekhoda inani lokugcina ngemva kokuthi ukufundwa kuzinzile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric (TGA) kwasetjenziselwa ukuhlola ukunzinza kokutjhisa kwe-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Amasampula ahlaziywa ngesikhathi sokufuthumala. Ngokusebenzisa ibhalansi enembako ephezulu nokutjheja ngokutjheja ikambiso yokufuthumala, kwakhiwa iphlothi yokulahlekelwa budisi ngokuqathaniswa nezinga lokutjhisa. I-NADES yafuthunyelwa ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-500 °C ngezinga le-1 °C ngomzuzu.
Ukuthoma ikambiso, isampula ye-NADES kufanele ihlanganiswe kuhle, ihlanganiswe, begodu isuswe umswakama wangaphezulu. Isampula elungiselelweko ifakwa ngaphakathi kwe-TGA cuvette, evamise ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingasebenziko ezifana ne-aluminium. Ukuqinisekisa imiphumela enembileko, amathulusi we-TGA alinganiswa kusetjenziswa izinto zokubhekisela, ngokuvamileko amazinga wesisindo. Nasele kulinganisiwe, ukuhlolwa kwe-TGA kuyathoma begodu isampula iyafuthunyelwa ngendlela elawulwako, kanengi ngezinga elingatjhugulukiko. Ukutjheja okuragela phambili kobudlelwano hlangana nesisindo sesampula kanye namazinga womtjhiso yingcenye eqakathekileko yokuhlola. Iinsetjenziswa ze-TGA zibuthelela idatha ngezinga lokutjhisa, ubudisi, namanye amapharamitha afana nokugeleza kwegesi nofana izinga lokutjhisa lesampula. Lokha i-TGA nasele iphelile, idatha ebuthelelweko iyahlaziywa ukuthola ukutjhuguluka kwesisindo sesampula njengomsebenzi wokutjhisa. Ilwazi leli liqakathekile ekutholeni amazinga womtjhiso ahlotjaniswa nokutjhuguluka kwezinto ezibonakalako nezamakhemikhali esampuleni, okufaka hlangana iinkambo ezifana nokuncibilika, ukuhwamuka, ukutjhuguluka kwe-oksijini, nofana ukubola.
I-fluid yokubhora esekelwe emanzini yakhiwe ngokutjheja ngokuya ngezinga le-API 13B-1, begodu ukwakheka kwayo okukhethekileko kufakwe kuThebuli 2 ukobana kusetjenziswe. I-citric acid ne-glycerol (99 USP) zathengwa e-Sigma Aldrich, e-Malaysia ukulungiselela i-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Ukungezelela, i-shale inhibitor potassium chloride (KCl) nayo yathengwa ku-Sigma Aldrich, e-Malaysia. I-1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) enobumsulwa obungaphezu kwama-98% yakhethwa ngebanga lomphumela wayo omkhulu ekwenzeni ngcono i-rheology ye-drilling fluid kanye nokuvinjelwa kwe-shale, okwaqinisekiswa eemfundweni zangaphambilini. Kokubili i-KCl kanye ne-([EMIM]Cl) kuzokusetjenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kokumadanisa ukuhlola ukusebenza kokuvimbela i-shale kwe-NADES.
Abarhubhululi abanengi bakhetha ukusebenzisa ama-bentonite flakes ukufunda ukuvuvuka kwe-shale ngombana i-bentonite inesiqhema esifanako se-“montmorillonite” esibanga ukuvuvuka kwe-shale. Ukuthola amasampula wamambala we-shale core kuyinselele ngombana ikambiso yokufaka i-shale iphazamisa i-shale, okurholela ekutheni kube namasampula angasiwo woke ama-shale kodwana avamise ukuba nomhlanganisela we-sandstone ne-limestone layers. Ukungezelela, amasampula we-shale avamise ukutlhoga amaqembu we-montmorillonite abangela ukuvuvuka kwe-shale begodu ngalokho awafaneleki ukuhlolwa kokuvimbela ukuvuvuka.
Esifundweni lesi, sisebenzise iinhlayiya ze-bentonite ezibuyiselwe kabutjha ezinobubanzi obulinganiselwa ku-2.54 cm. Ama-granules enziwa ngokugandelela amagremu ayi-11.5 we-sodium bentonite powder emtjhini wokugandelela ngamanzi nge-1600 psi. Ukuqina kwama-granules kwalinganiswa ngokunembileko ngaphambi kokufakwa ku-linear dilatometer (LD). Iinhlayiya zabe sezifakwa ngaphakathi kwamasampula we-fluid yokubhora, kufaka hlangana amasampula wesisekelo kanye namasampula ahovwe ngama-invibitors asetjenziselwa ukukhandela ukuvuvuka kwe-shale. Ukutjhuguluka kobukhulu be-granule kwabekwa ilihlo ngokutjheja kusetjenziswa i-LD, ngokulinganisa okurekhodwe ngeenkhathi zemizuzwana ema-60 ama-awa ama-24.
Ukutjhuguluka kwe-X-ray kutjengise bona ukwakheka kwe-bentonite, khulukhulu i-47% ye-montmorillonite, kuyinto eqakathekileko ekuzwisiseni ubujamo bayo be-geological. Hlangana neengcenye ze-montmorillonite ze-bentonite, i-montmorillonite yingcenye ekulu, ebalelwa ku-88.6% weengcenye zoke. Khatheso, i-quartz ibalelwa ku-29%, i-illite i-7%, kanye ne-carbonate i-9%. Ingcenye encani (elinganiselwa ku-3.2%) mhlanganisela we-illite ne-montmorillonite. Ukungezelela, inezinto ezifana ne-Fe2O3 (4.7%), i-silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), i-muscovite (4%), kanye ne-phosphate (2.3%). Ukungezelela, inani elincani le-Na2O (1.83%) kanye ne-iron silicate (2.17%) likhona, okwenza bona kukghoneke ukuthokozela ngokuzeleko izinto ezibunjwa yi-bentonite kanye nokulinganisa kwazo.
Isigaba sokufunda esibanzi sichaza imininingwana ye-rheological neyokuhlunga yamasampula we-drilling fluid alungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa i-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) begodu asetjenziswe njenge-additive ye-drilling fluid emazingeni ahlukileko (1%, 3% kanye ne-5%). Amasampula we-Slurry asekelwe ku-NADES amadaniswa begodu ahlaziywa namasampula we-slurry ane-potassium chloride (KCl), i-CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) kanye nama-ionic liquids. Inani lamapharamitha aqakathekileko ahlanganiswe esifundweni lesi kufaka hlangana ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okutholwe kusetjenziswa i-FANN viscometer ngaphambi nangemva kokuvezwa ebujameni bokuguga ku-100°C no-150°C. Iinlinganiso zenziwa ngebelo lokujikeleza elihlukileko (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm kanye ne-600 rpm) okuvumela ukuhlaziywa okupheleleko kokuziphatha kwe-drilling fluid. Idatha etholakeleko ingasetjenziselwa ukuthola izakhiwo eziqakathekileko ezifana nephuzu lokukhiqiza (YP) kanye nokuqina kweplastiki (PV), okunikela ukuzwisisa ukusebenza kwe-fluid ngaphasi kweemeko ezihlukahlukeneko. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlunga okuphezulu kwezinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu (HPHT) ku-400 psi kanye ne-150°C (amazinga womtjhiso ajayelekileko emithonjeni yokutjhisa okuphezulu) kunquma ukusebenza kokuhlunga (ubukhulu bekhekhe nomthamo wokuhlunga).
Isigaba lesi sisebenzisa imitjhini yesimanjemanje, i-Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), ukuhlola ngokupheleleko ubujamo bokuvimbela ukuvuvuka kwe-shale yama-fluid wethu wokubhora asekelwe emanzini. I-LSM mtjhini wezinga eliphezulu oneengcenye ezimbili: i-plate compactor kanye ne-linear dilatometer (imodeli: M4600). Amapuleti we-Bentonite alungiselelwe ukuhlaziywa kusetjenziswa i-Grace Core/Plate Compactor. I-LSM inikela idatha yokuvuvuka msinyana emapuletini la, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okupheleleko kwezakhiwo zokuvimbela ukuvuvuka kwe-shale. Iimhloliso zokunwebeka kwe-shale zenziwa ngaphasi kwemibandela, okutjho, ama-25°C kanye ne-1 psia.
Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kwe-shale kufaka hlangana ukuhlolwa okuqakathekileko okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi kuhlolwa kokubuyisa i-shale, ukuhlolwa kokucwilisa i-shale nofana ukuhlolwa kokusabalala kwe-shale. Ukuthoma ukuhlola lokhu, iinqunto ze-shale zihlukaniswa esikrinini se-#6 BSS bese zibekwa esikrinini se-#10. Iinthelo zifakwa ethangini lapho zihlanganiswa khona ne-base fluid kanye nodaka lokubhora oluqukethe i-NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Igadango elilandelako kukufaka ingxube ngaphakathi kwe-oveni ukwenzela ikambiso yokugoqa etjhisako, ukuqinisekisa bona ukusika nodaka kuhlanganiswe kuhle. Ngemva kwama-awa ali-16, iinthelo zisuswa e-pulp ngokuvumela i-shale bona ibole, okurholela ekwehleni kwesisindo seenthelo. Ukuhlolwa kokubuyisa i-shale kwenziwa ngemva kokuthi ukusikwa kwe-shale kubekwe edakeni lokubhora ku-150°C kanye ne-1000 psi. intshi kungakapheli ama-awa ama-24.
Ukulinganisa ukubuyiswa kwedaka le-shale, salihlunga ngesikrini esihle (ama-40 mesh), bese silihlanza kuhle ngamanzi, begodu ekugcineni salomisa nge-oveni. Ikambiso le ebudisi isivumela ukulinganisa udaka olutholiweko nayiqathaniswa nobudisi bokuthoma, ekugcineni sibale iphesenteji yodaka lwe-shale olutholwe ngepumelelo. Umthombo wamasampula we-shale uvela esifundeni se-Niah, esifundeni se-Miri, e-Sarawak, e-Malaysia. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokuhlakazeka nokubuyisa, amasampula we-shale ahlolwa ngokupheleleko nge-X-ray diffraction (XRD) ukulinganisa ukwakheka kwawo kwebumba nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwawo ukuhlolwa. Ukwakheka kwamaminerali wobumba wesampula kunje: i-illite 18%, i-kaolinite 31%, i-chlorite 22%, i-vermiculite 10%, kanye ne-mica 19%.
Ukugandeleleka kwephasi yinto eqakathekileko elawula ukungena kwama-cation wamanzi ema-micropores we-shale ngesenzo se-capillary, esizokufundwa ngokunabileko esigabeni lesi. Iphepha leli lihlola indima yokugandeleleka kwephasi ekwakhiweni kokuhlangana kwama-fluid wokubhora, liveza umthelela walo oqakathekileko enkambisweni yokubhora, khulukhulu ukuvinjelwa kwe-shale. Sisebenzise i-interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) ukulinganisa ngokunembileko ukuqina kwendawo yamasampula we-fluid yokubhola, okuveza ihlangothi eliqakathekileko lokuziphatha kwe-fluid ngomongo wokuvinjelwa kwe-shale.
Isigaba lesi sikhuluma ngokunabileko ngesikhala se-d-layer, okuyibanga eliphakathi kwama-aluminosilicate kanye ne-aluminosilicate layer eyodwa ebumba. Ukuhlaziywa kufaka hlangana amasampula wodaka amanzi ane-1%, 3% kanye ne-5% CA NADES, kanye ne-3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl kanye ne-3% CC:urea esekelwe ku-DES ukumadanisa. I-X-ray diffractometer yesimanjemanje esebenza ku-40 mA kanye ne-45 kV nge-Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å) idlale indima eqakathekileko ekurekhodeni ama-X-ray diffraction peaks wamasampula we-Na-Bt amanzi nawomileko. Ukusetjenziswa kwe-equation ka-Bragg kwenza bona kube nokuqunta okunembileko kwesikhala se-d-layer, ngaleyo ndlela kunikelwe ilwazi eliqakathekileko ngokuziphatha kwebumba.
Isigaba lesi sisebenzisa isisetjenziswa esithuthukisiweko se-Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP ukulinganisa ngokunembileko amandla we-zeta. Ukuhlolwa lokhu kunikele ilwazi eliqakathekileko ngeemfanelo zokutjhaja kwamasampula wodaka oluhlanjululweko ane-1%, 3%, kanye ne-5% CA NADES, kanye ne-3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, kanye ne-3% CC:urea-based DES ukuhlaziywa kokumadanisa. Imiphumela le inesandla ekuzwisiseni kwethu ukuzinza kwamakhompawundi we-colloidal nokusebenzisana kwawo emanzini.
Amasampula wobumba ahlolwa ngaphambi nangemva kokuvezwa kwe-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kusetjenziswa i-Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) ene-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Ukulungiswa kwemifanekiso bekuyi-500 nm begodu amandla we-elekthronikhi bekuyi-30 kV kanye ne-50 kV. I-FESEM inikela ngokubonwa okusezingeni eliphezulu kwesakhiwo sephasi kanye nezakhiwo zamasampula wobumba. Umnqopho wesifundo lesi bekukuthola ilwazi ngomphumela we-NADES kumasampula wobumba ngokumadanisa iinthombe ezitholwe ngaphambi nangemva kokuvezwa.
Kulesi sifundo, ithekhnoloji ye-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) yasetjenziselwa ukuphenya umphumela we-NADES kumasampula wobumba ezingeni le-microscopic. Umnqopho wesifundo lesi kukucacisa ukusetjenziswa okungenzeka kwe-NADES nomthelela wayo ebumbeni bebumba kanye nobukhulu bezinhlayiya eziphakathi, okuzokunikela ilwazi eliqakathekileko lokwenza irhubhululo emkhakheni lo.
Kulesi sifundo, imigoqo yamaphutha yasetjenziselwa ukuhlathulula ngokubonakalako ukuhlukahluka nokungaqiniseki kwephutha lamaphesenti aphakathi (i-AMPE) kizo zoke iimeko zokuhlola. Kunokobana sidwebe amanani we-AMPE ngamunye (ngombana ukudweba amanani we-AMPE kungafiphaza imikhuba begodu kukhulise ukuhlukahluka okuncani), sibala imigoqo yephutha sisebenzisa umthetho we-5%. Indlela le iqinisekisa bona ibha ngayinye yephutha imele isikhala lapho isikhatjhana sokuqiniseka esingu-95% kanye nama-100% wamanani we-AMPE kulindeleke bona awele khona, ngaleyo ndlela kunikelwe isifinyezo esicacileko nesifinyeziweko sokusabalaliswa kwedatha yobujamo ngabunye bokuhlola. Ukusebenzisa imigoqo yephutha esekelwe emthethweni we-5% kwenza ngcono ukuhlathulula nokuthembeka kwemifanekiso begodu kusiza ukunikela ukuzwisisa okunabileko kwemiphumela nemithelela yayo.
Ekuhlanganisweni kweensombululo ezijulileko zemvelo (i-NADES), amapharamitha amanengi aqakathekileko afundwa ngokutjheja ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungiselela yangaphakathi. Iinzathu eziqakathekileko zifaka hlangana izinga lokutjhisa, isilinganiso se-molar, kanye nebelo lokuhlanganisa. Iimhloliso zethu zitjengisa bona lokha i-HBA (i-citric acid) ne-HBD (i-glycerol) nazihlanganiswa ngesilinganiso se-molar se-1:4 ku-50°C, kwakhiwa umruburubu we-eutectic. Isici esihlukileko somxube we-eutectic kukubukeka kwawo okukhanyako, okufanako, nokungabi khona kwe-sediment. Ngalokho, igadango eliqakathekileko leli liveza ukuqakatheka kwe-molar ratio, izinga lokutjhisa, kanye nebelo lokuhlanganisa, hlangana nalokho i-molar ratio bekuyinto enomthelela khulu ekulungiseleleni i-DES ne-NADES, njengombana kutjengiswe kuMfanekiso 2.
I-refractive index (n) iveza isilinganiso sejubane lokukhanya ngaphakathi kwe-vacuum ukuya nebelo lokukhanya endaweni yesibili, eminyeneko. I-refractive index iqakatheke khulu kuma-deep eutectic solvents wemvelo (i-NADES) lokha nakuqalelelwa ukusetjenziswa okubucayi okufana nama-biosensors. I-refractive index ye-NADES efundwako ku-25 °C beyiyi-1.452, okuyinto ephasi khulu kunaleyo ye-glycerol.
Kuqakathekile ukutjheja bona i-refractive index ye-NADES yehla ngokutjhisa, begodu umukghwa lo ungachazwa ngokunembileko ngefomula (1) kanye nomfanekiso 3, nge-absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) efinyelela ku-0%. Ukuziphatha okuthembele emazingeni womtjhiso kuchazwa ngokwehla kwe-viscosity nokuqina emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu, okwenza bona ukukhanya kukhambe phakathi kwendawo ngebelo elikhulu, okurholela ekutheni kube nenani eliphasi le-refractive index (n). Imiphumela le inikela ukuzwisisa okuqakathekileko ngokusetjenziswa kwamaqhinga we-NADES ekuzweni okubonakalako, okuveza amandla wayo wokusetjenziswa kwe-biosensor.
Ukugandeleleka kwephasi, okutjengisa ukuthambekela kwendawo yamanzi ukunciphisa indawo yayo, kuqakatheke khulu ekuhloleni ukufaneleka kweensombululo ze-eutectic ezijulileko (i-NADES) zokusetjenziswa okusekelwe ekugandelelekeni kwe-capillary. Irhubhululo lokugandeleleka kwephasi emazingeni womtjhiso angama-25 ukuya ku-60 °C linikela ilwazi eliqakathekileko. Ku-25 °C, ukugandeleleka kwe-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid bekungu-55.42 mN/m, okuphasi khulu kunalawo wamanzi ne-glycerol. Umfanekiso 4 utjengisa bona ukugandeleleka kwephasi kwehla khulu ngokukhula kwamazinga womtjhiso. Isimanga lesi singachazwa ngokunyuka kwamandla wokunyakaza kwamamolekhyuli kanye nokwehla okulandelako kwamandla wokudonsa phakathi kwamamolekhyuli.
Ukutjhuguluka okulandelanako kokugandeleleka kwephasi okubonwe ku-NADES efundwako kungavezwa kuhle nge-equation (2), etjengisa ubudlelwano obusisekelo bezibalo emazingeni womtjhiso angama-25 ukuya ku-60 °C. Igrafu emfanekisweni 4 iveza ngokukhanyako umukghwa wokuqina kwephasi ngezinga lokutjhisa ngephutha eliphakathi elipheleleko (AMPE) le-1.4%, elilinganisa ukunemba kwamanani wokuqina kwephasi abikiweko. Imiphumela le inemithelela eqakathekileko ekuzwisiseni ukuziphatha kwe-NADES nokusetjenziswa kwayo okungenzeka.
Ukuzwisisa ukuminyana kwama-solvent we-eutectic atjhingako wemvelo (i-NADES) kuqakathekile ukwenza lula ukusetjenziswa kwawo eenhlolweni ezinengi zesayensi. Ukuminyana kwe-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid ku-25°C ngu-1.361 g/cm3, okuphezulu ukudlula ukuminyana kwe-glycerol yomzali. Umehluko lo ungachazwa ngokungezelelwa kwe-hydrogen bond acceptor (citric acid) ku-glycerol.
Ukuthatha i-NADES esekelwe ku-citrate njengesibonelo, ukuminyana kwayo kwehla ku-1.19 g/cm3 ku-60°C. Ukwanda kwamandla we-kinetic lokha nakufuthumeleko kwenza bona amamolekhyuli we-NADES ahlakazeke, okwenza bona athathe ivolumu ekulu, okurholela ekwehleni kobukhulu. Ukwehla okubonwako kokuminyana kutjengisa ukuhlobana okuthileko nokukhula kwamazinga womtjhiso, okungavezwa kuhle ngefomula (3). Umfanekiso 5 uveza ngokukhanyako ubujamo bokutjhuguluka kobukhulu be-NADES ngephutha eliphakathi nendawo (AMPE) eliyi-1.12%, elinikela isilinganiso sokunemba kwamanani wobukhulu abikiweko.
I-viscosity ngamandla adosa hlangana namalarha ahlukileko we-liquid ehambako begodu idlala indima eqakathekileko ekuzwisiseni ukusetjenziswa kwe-natural deep eutectic solvents (i-NADES) eensetjenzisweni ezihlukahlukeneko. Ku-25 °C, ukuqina kwe-NADES bekuyi-951 cP, okuphezulu kunaleyo ye-glycerol.
Ukwehla okubonwako kwe-viscosity ngokunyuka kwamazinga womtjhiso kuchazwa khulu ngokubogaboga kwamandla wokudonsa phakathi kwamamolekhyuli. Isimanga lesi siphumela ekwehleni kwe-viscosity ye-fluid, umukghwa otjengiswe ngokukhanyako kuMfanekiso 6 begodu ulinganiswa nge-Equation (4). Ngokuphawulekako, ku-60°C, ukunamathela kwehla ku-898 cP ngephutha lamaphesenti aphakathi (AMPE) we-1.4%. Ukuzwisisa okunemininingwana kokutjhisa nokuthembela emazingeni womtjhiso ku-NADES kuqakatheke khulu ekusetjenzisweni kwayo.
I-pH yesisombululo, equnywa yi-logarithm engakalungi ye-hydrogen ion concentration, iqakathekile, khulukhulu eensetjenzisweni ezizwela i-pH ezifana nokwakhiwa kwe-DNA, ngalokho i-pH ye-NADES kufanele ifundwe ngokutjheja ngaphambi kokusetjenziswa. Ukuthatha i-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid njengesibonelo, i-pH ene-esidi ehlukileko ye-1.91 ingabonwa, okuphikisana khulu ne-pH engathathi ihlangothi ye-glycerol.
Ngokuthakazelisako, i-pH ye-citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) itjengise ukwehla okungekho emgqeni ngokunyuka kwamazinga womtjhiso. Isimanga lesi sibangelwa kukhuphuka kokudlidliza kwamamolekhyuli okuphazamisa ukulingana kwe-H+ esixazululweni, okurholela ekwakhiweni kwama-ayoni we-[H]+ begodu, ngokulandelana, ukutjhuguluka kwenani le-pH. Nanyana i-pH yemvelo ye-citric acid isuka ku-3 ukuya ku-5, ukuba khona kwe-hydrogen ene-asidi ku-glycerol kuphinde kwehlise i-pH ibe ku-1.91.
Ukuziphatha kwe-pH ye-NADES esekelwe ku-citrate emazingeni womtjhiso angama-25 ukuya ku-60 °C kungavezwa kuhle nge-equation (5), enikela ngokuvezwa kweembalo komkhuba we-pH obonwako. Umfanekiso 7 uveza ubuhlobo obuthakazelisako lobu, uveza umphumela womtjhiso ku-pH ye-NADES, okubikwa bona yi-1.4% ye-AMPE.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric (TGA) ye-natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kwenziwa ngokuhlelekileko emazingeni womtjhiso ukusuka emazingeni womtjhiso wegumbi ukuya ku-500 °C. Njengombana kungabonwa emifanekisweni 8a no-b, ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo sokuthoma ukufikela ku-100 °C bekubangelwa khulu ngamanzi amukelwako kanye namanzi wokuthambisa ahlotjaniswa ne-citric acid ne-glycerol emsulwa. Ukugcinwa kwesisindo esikhulu okungaba ma-88% kwabonwa ukufikela ku-180 °C, okwabangelwa khulu kubola kwe-citric acid ibe yi-aconitic acid kanye nokwakheka kwe-methylmaleic anhydride(III) ngemva kokufuthumala (Umfanekiso 8 b). Ngaphezulu kwe-180 °C, ukubonakala okucacileko kwe-acrolein (acrylaldehyde) ku-glycerol nakho kungabonwa, njengombana kutjengisiwe kuMfanekiso 8b37.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric (TGA) ye-glycerol kuveze ikambiso yokulahlekelwa mass enezigaba ezimbili. Isigaba sokuthoma (180 ukuya ku-220 °C) sifaka hlangana ukwakheka kwe-acrolein, kulandele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwesisindo emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu ukusuka ku-230 ukuya ku-300 °C (Umfanekiso 8a). Njengoba amazinga womtjhiso akhula, i-acetaldehyde, i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, kanye ne-hydrogen kwakhiwa ngokulandelana. Ngokuphawulekako, yi-28% kwaphela yesisindo ebegade igcinwe ku-300 °C, okusikisela bona izakhiwo zangaphakathi ze-NADES 8(a)38,39 zingaba nesici.
Ukuthola ilwazi malungana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali amatjha, ukumiswa okusanda kwenziwa kwama-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) kwahlaziywa nge-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngokumadanisa i-spectramu ye-NADES suspension ne-spectra ye-pure citric acid (CA) kanye ne-glycerol (Gly). I-CA spectrum itjengise iinqongo ezikhanyako ku-1752 1/cm kanye no-1673 1/cm, ezijamele ukudlidliza kokulula kwe-C=O bond begodu nazo ziyiphawu le-CA. Ukungezelela, ukutjhuguluka okukhulu kokudlidliza kwe-OH ku-1360 1/cm kwabonwa esifundeni seminwe, njengombana kutjengiswe kuMfanekiso 9.
Ngokufanako, endabeni ye-glycerol, ukutjhuguluka kwe-OH ukulula nokugoba ukudlidliza kwatholakala kuma-wavenumber angu-3291 1/cm kanye no-1414 1/cm, ngokulandelana. Nje, ngokuhlaziya i-spectrum ye-NADES elungiselelweko, ukutjhuguluka okukhulu kwe-spectrum kwatholakala. Njengombana kutjengisiwe emfanekisweni 7, ukudlidliza kokulula kwe-C=O bond kwatjhuguluka ukusuka ku-1752 1/cm ukuya ku-1720 1/cm begodu ukudlidliza kokugoba kwe--OH bond ye-glycerol kwatjhuguluka ukusuka ku-1414 1/cm ukuya ku-1359 1/cm. Ukutjhuguluka kwamanani wamagagasi kutjengisa ukutjhuguluka kwe-elekthronikhi, okutjengisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amatjha esakhiweni se-NADES.