Iinsetjenziswa zetafula ze-melamine zikuvumela bona uhlale emkhunjini wakho ngaphandle kokutshwenyeka ngokulimaza i-china yakho ehle. Thola bona iinsetjenziswa ezisebenzako lezi zaba njani ziqakathekile ekudleni kwangamalanga ngeminyaka yabo-1950 ukuya phambili.
U-Leanne Potts yintathelizindaba ephumelele imiklomelo ebegade ikhuluma ngedizayini nezindlu iminyaka ematjhumi amathathu. Uyingcwethi kikho koke ukusuka ekukhetheni umbala wegumbi ukuya ekukhuleni amatamatisi wegugu ukuya ekuthomeni kwesimanjemanje ekuklameni ingaphakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele ku-HGTV, i-Parade, i-BHG, i-Travel Channel kanye ne-Bob Vila.
U-Marcus Reeves mtloli onelwazi, umtjhumayeli, nomhloli wamaqiniso. Wathoma ukutlola imibiko kumagazini i-The Source. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele ku-The New York Times, Playboy, The Washington Post kanye ne-Rolling Stone, hlangana nezinye iincwadi. Ibhuku lakhe elithi, Omunye Wamemeza: Ukuphakama kwe-Rap ku-Black Power Aftershock, yaphakanyiswa umklomelo we-Zora Neale Hurston. Ulilunga le-adjunct faculty e-New York University, lapho afundisa khona ukutlola nokukhulumisana. U-Marcus wathola i-bachelor's degree yakhe e-Rutgers University e-New Brunswick, e-New Jersey.
E-Amerikha yangemva kwepi, indawo ejayelekileko yabantu abaphakathi nendawo beyibonakala ngezidlo zakusihlwa, abantwana abanengi, kanye nokuhlangana lapho ungaphupha khona ukuya esidlweni sakusihlwa une-china ehle kanye namathawula we-damask amakhulu. Esikhundleni salokho, iinsetjenziswa zokupheka ebezikhethwa ngesikhatheso bekuziinsetjenziswa zeplastiki, khulukhulu lezo ezenziwe nge-melamine.
"I-Melamine iyazivumelana nendlela yokuphila yangelanga," kutjho u-Dr. Anna Ruth Gatling, umsizi waphrofesa wokuklanywa kwangaphakathi e-Auburn University ofundisa isifundo somlando wokuklama kwangaphakathi.
I-Melamine yi-resin yeplastiki eyasungulwa mkhemikhali we-German u-Justus von Liebig ngeminyaka yabo-1830. Kodwana, njengombana izinto bezibiza ukukhiqiza begodu u-von Liebig azange anqume bona enzeni ngokusungula kwakhe, yahlala ingasebenzi iminyaka elikhulu. Ngabo-1930, ukuthuthuka kwethekhnoloji kwenza bona i-melamine yatjhipha ukuyikhiqiza, njeke abaklami bathoma ukucabanga bona benzeni ngayo, ekugcineni bathola bona umhlobo lo wepulasitiki etjhisako ungafuthunyelwa bese ubunjwa ube ziinsetjenziswa zokudla ezingabiziko, ezikhiqizwa ngobunengi.
Emalangeni wayo wokuthoma, i-American Cyanamid ese-New Jersey beyiyinye yabakhiqizi abaphambili nabasabalalisi be-melamine powder embonini yamapulasitiki. Babhalise ipulasitiki yabo ye-melamine ngaphasi kwephawu lokuthengisa elithi "Melmac". Nanyana into le isetjenziselwa ukwenza amakheyisi wamawashi, izibambo zesitofu kanye nezibambo zefenitjhara, isetjenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokusebenza etafuleni.
Iinsetjenziswa zetafula ze-melamine bezisetjenziswa khulu ngesikhathi sePi yesi-II yePhasi begodu bezikhiqizwa ngobunengi bamasotja, iinkolo, kanye nezibhedlela. Njengombana iinsimbi nezinye izinto zitlhogeka, amaplastiki amatjha athathwa njengezinto zesikhathi esizako. Ngokungafani namanye amaplastiki wesikhathi esidlulileko afana ne-Bakelite, i-melamine iqinile ngokwekhemikhali begodu ihlala isikhathi eside ngokwaneleko ukujamelana nokuhlanzwa njalo nokutjhisa.
Ngemva kwepi, iinsetjenziswa zetafula ze-melamine zangena eenkulungwaneni zemizi ngobunengi. "Ngeminyaka yabo-1940 bekuneentjalo ezintathu ezikulu ze-melamine, kodwana ngeminyaka yabo-1950 bekuneenkhulu," kutjho u-Gatlin. Eminye imihlobo edumileko yezinto zokupheka ze-melamine zifaka hlangana i-Branchell, i-Texas Ware, i-Lenox Ware, i-Prolon, i-Mar-crest, i-Boontonware, kanye ne-Raffia Ware. .
Njengoba iingidigidi zabantu be-America zithuthela emadolobhaneni ngemva kokuthuthuka kwezomnotho ngemva kwepi, bathenga amasethi wezinto zokudla ze-melamine ukufaneleka emakhaya wabo amatjha nendlela yokuphila. Ukuhlala ephaseji sekuyinto etja edumileko, begodu imindeni idinga iinsetjenziswa zeplastiki ezingabiziko ezingathathwa ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwabantwana, i-melamine bekuyinto efaneleko yesikhathi leso. “Izitsha azikajayeleki begodu akutlhogeki bona utjheje,” kutjho uGatlin. “Ungazilahla!”
Ukukhangisa kwaleso sikhathi kwathi iinsetjenziswa zokupheka ze-Melmac ziyipulasitiki yomlingo "yokuphila ngaphandle kokutshwenyeka ngesiko elidala." Esinye isikhangiso somlayini we-Branchell's Color-Flyte weminyaka yabo-1950 besithi iinsetjenziswa zokupheka "ziqinisekisiwe bona angeze zaphuka, zidabuke nofana ziphuke." Imibala edumileko ifaka hlangana ipinki, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-turquoise, i-mint, ephuzi nemhlophe, enamajamo wejometri aphilako ngesitayela samathuthumbo nofana se-athomu.
"Ipumelelo yama-1950 beyingafani neminye iminyaka elitjhumi," kutsho u-Gatlin. Ithemba lesikhathi leso libonakala ngemibala ehle khulu namajamo walezi zitsha, watjho. "Iinsetjenziswa zetafula ze-melamine zinawo woke amajamo wejometri wekhulu leminyaka, njengeenkezo ezincani kanye nezibambo zeenkomitjhana ezincani ezihlelekileko, ezenza bona zihluke," kutjho u-Gatlin. Abathengi bakhuthazwa bona bahlanganise begodu bafanise imibala ukungezelela ubuhlakani nesitayela ekuhlobiseni. ithabo.
Okuhle khulu kukuthi i-Melmac ithengeka khulu: isethi yabantu abane beyibiza imali engaba yi-$15 ngeminyaka yabo-1950 begodu ingaba yi-$175 nje. "Aziligugu," kwatjho u-Gatlin. "Ungavuma amathrendi begodu utjengise ubuntu bakho ngombana unethuba lokuzibuyisela ngemva kweminyaka embalwa begodu uthole imibala emitjha."
Umklamo wetafula le-melamine nawo uyamangalisa. I-American Cyanamid yaqatjha umklami wezebubulo u-Russell Wright, owaletha ubujamo besimanjemanje etafuleni le-America ngomhlobo wakhe we-American Modern weensetjenziswa zetafula ezivela e-Steubenville Pottery Company, ukwenza umlingo wakhe ngeensetjenziswa zeplastiki. U-Wright waklama umugqa we-Melmac weensetjenziswa zetafula ze-Northern Plastics Company, eyathumba umvuzo we-Museum of Modern Art ngomklamo omuhle ngo-1953. Iqoqo elibizwa nge-“Home” bekungelinye lamaqoqo athandwa khulu ka-Melmac ngeminyaka yabo-1950.
Ngabo-1970, imitjhini yokuhlanza iintja nama-microwave baba zizinto ezijayelekileko emakhishini we-America, begodu iinsetjenziswa zokupheka ze-melamine zaphelelwa msebenzi. Ipulasitiki emangalisako yangeminyaka yabo-1950 beyingakaphephi ukusetjenziswa kizo zombili iinsetjenziswa zokupheka begodu sele ithathelwe indawo yi-Corelle njengokukhetha okungcono kweensetjenziswa zokupheka zangamalanga.
Kodwana, ekuthomeni kwabo-2000, i-melamine yathola ukuvuselelwa kanye nefenitjhara yesimanjemanje yekhulu leminyaka. Uchungechunge lwama-1950 lwaba yizinto zabaqoqi begodu kwakhiwa umugqa omutjha wezinto zetafula ze-melamine.
Amatjhuguluko wezobuchwepheshe efomula ye-melamine kanye nendlela yokwenza bona iphephe emtjhini wokuhlanza iintja begodu ayinike ipilo etja. Ngesikhathi esifanako, ukuthakazelela okukhulako kokusimama kwenze i-melamine yaba yindlela edumileko yokusebenzisa amapuleti alahlwako agcina alahlwa ngemva kokusetjenziswa kanye.
Kodwana, ngokuya kwe-US Food and Drug Administration, i-melamine ayikalungeli ukutjhisa nge-microwave, okuvimbela ukuvuselelwa kwayo, kokubili okudala nokutjha.
"Ngesikhathi sokulula, ngokungafani nehlathululo yabo-1950 yokulula, isitja se-melamine esidala akunakwenzeka bona sisetjenziswe qobe langa," kutsho u-Gatlin. Phatha izinto zokudla ezihlala isikhathi eside zabo-1950 ngokutlhogomela okufanako nokuthi ungaphatha izinto zakade. Ekhuluwini leminyaka lama-21, amapuleti weplastiki angaba yinto eqakathekileko, begodu i-melamine yakade ingaba yi-china ehle.