I-atikili le yingcenye yommongo werhubhululo othi “Ukusetjenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane, ukujamelana namagciwane kanye ne-microbiome yeenlwana zokudla”. Qala woke ama-atikili ali-13
Ama-esidi we-organic aragela phambili nokufunwa khulu njengeenthako zokudla kweenlwana. Bekube nje, kugxilwe ekuphepheni kokudla, khulukhulu ukwehlisa izehlakalo zamagciwane avela ekudleni eenkhukhuni nezinye iinlwana. Ama-esidi amanengi we-organic ayafundwa njenganje nofana sele asetjenziselwa ukuthengisa. Hlangana nama-esidi amanengi we-organic afundwe khulu, i-formic acid ngenye yawo. I-formic acid ifakwa ekudleni kweenkukhu ukunciphisa ubukhona be-Salmonella namanye amagciwane avela ekudleni nasemgudwini wesisu ngemva kokungena. Njengoba ukuzwisisa ukusebenza nomthelela we-formic acid emagciwaneni aphethe ukudla kukhula, kuyakhanya bona ukuba khona kwe-formic acid kungabangela iindlela ezithileko ku-Salmonella. Ipendulo le ingaba yinkimbinkimbi lokha i-formic acid nayingena emgudwini wesisu begodu ingathintani kwaphela ne-Salmonella esele ihlala emgudwini wesisu kodwana ne-flora yama-microbial yamathumbu. Ukubuyekezwa kuzokuhlola imiphumela yamanje kanye namathemba wokuragela phambili nokurhubhulula nge-microbiome yeenkukhu nokudla okuphathwe nge-formic acid.
Kokubili ukukhiqiza imfuyo neenkukhu, itjhijilo kukuthuthukisa amaqhinga wokulawula athuthukisa ukukhula nokukhiqiza lokha nakunciphisa ubungozi bokuphepha kokudla. Ngokomlando, ukuphathwa kwama-anthibhayothikhi ngezinga eliphasi kwezokwelapha kwenze ngcono ipilo yeenlwana, inhlalakahle, nokukhiqiza (1-3). Ngokuya ngombono wendlela yokusebenza, kuye kwaphakanyiswa bona ama-anthibhayothikhi anikelwa ngezinga eliphasi lokuvimbela ahlanganisa iimpendulo zomsingathi ngokutjhugulula i-gastrointestinal (GI) flora begodu, ngokulandelana, ukusebenzisana kwawo nomsingathi (3). Kodwana, ukutshwenyeka okuragelako malungana nokurhatjheka kwamagciwani wokulwa nokudla okujamelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokuhlobana kwawo nokutheleleka okujamelana nama-antibiotic ebantwini kuholele ekuhoxisweni kancanikancani kokusetjenziswa kwama-antibiotic eenlwaneni zokudla (4–8). Ngalokho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezingezelelweko zokudla kanye nezinto ezithuthukisako ezihlangabezana okungenani nezinye zeemfuneko lezi (ipilo yeenlwana ethuthukisiweko, inhlalakahle, nokukhiqiza) kuyinto ethakazelisa khulu kokubili ekuhlolweni kwezefundo kanye nombono wokuthuthukisa kwezokuthengisa (5, 9). Iintlobo ezihlukahlukeneko zokudla okuthengiswako kungene emakethe yokudla kweenlwana, okufaka hlangana ama-probiotics, ama-prebiotics, amafutha aqakathekileko kanye namakhompawundi ahlobene nawo avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukeneko yeentjalo, kanye namakhemikhali afana nama-aldehydes (10–14). Ezinye iinsetjenziswa zokudla ezithengiswako ezisetjenziswa khulu eenkhukhuni zifaka hlangana ama-bacteriophages, i-zinc oxide, ama-enzayimu wangaphandle, imikhiqizo yokukhipha ngaphandle, kanye namakhompawundi ane-asidi (15, 16).
Hlangana namakhemikhali wokudla, ama-aldehydes nama-organic acid bekusolo kufundwa begodu kusetjenziswa khulu (12, 17–21). Ama-esidi we-organic, khulukhulu ama-esidi wamafutha amafitjhani (ama-SCFA), abaphikisi abaziwako bamabhaktheriya abangela amagciwane. Ama-esidi we-organic la asetjenziswa njengeenthako zokudla ingasi ukukhandela ubukhona bamagciwane ekudleni kwaphela kodwana nokwenza imiphumela esebenzako ekusebenzeni kwamathumbu (17, 20–24). Ukungezelela, ama-SCFA akhiqizwa ngokuvutshelwa ziintjalo zamathumbu emgudwini wokugaya ukudla begodu kucatshangwa bona adlala indima ekghoneni kwamanye ama-probiotics nama-prebiotics ukulwisana namagciwane angeniswa emgudwini wokugaya ukudla (21, 23, 25).
Eminyakeni edlulileko, ama-esidi wamafutha ahlukahlukeneko (ama-SCFA) adose ukutjhejwa okukhulu njengeenthako zokudla. Khulukhulu, i-propionate, i-butyrate, kanye ne-formate bekuyihloko yeemfundo ezinengi kanye nokusetjenziswa kwezokuthengisa (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Nanyana iimfundo zokuthoma bezidzimelele ekulawuleni amagciwani avela ekudleni kweenlwana neenkukhu, iimfundo zakamuva zitjhugulule ukutjheja kwazo ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kweenlwana kanye nepilo yamathumbu (20, 21, 24). I-acetate, i-propionate, kanye ne-butyrate zidose ukutjhejwa okukhulu njengeenthako zokudla kwe-organic acid, hlangana nazo i-formic acid nayo iyindlela ethembisako (21, 23). Ukutjheja okukhulu kutjhejwe khulu ekuphepheni kokudla kwe-formic acid, khulukhulu ukwehliswa kwezehlakalo zamagciwane athathelwa ukudla ekudleni kwemfuyo. Kodwana, ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa nazo ziyaqalwa. Umnqopho omkhulu walokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlola umlando nobujamo bamanje be-formic acid njengesithuthukisi sokudla kwemfuyo (Umfanekiso 1). Kulesi sifundo, sizokuhlola indlela yokulwisana namagciwane ye-formic acid. Ukungezelela, sizokuhlolisisa imiphumela yayo emfuyweni neenkukhu begodu sicoce ngeendlela ezingaba khona zokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwayo.
Umfanekiso 1. Imephu yengqondo yeenhloko ezihlanganiswe kilokhu kubuyekezwa. Khulukhulu, iinhloso ezijayelekileko ezilandelako bezidzimelele kizo: ukuhlathulula umlando nobujamo bamanje be-formic acid njengesithuthukisi sokudla kwemfuyo, iindlela zokulwa namagciwane ze-formic acid kanye nomthelela wokusetjenziswa kwayo epilweni yeenlwana neenkukhu, kanye neendlela ezingaba khona zokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kuhle.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwefuyo neenkukhu kumsebenzi obudisi obandakanya amagadango amanengi, okufaka hlangana ukusetjenziswa kweenthoro ngokomzimba (isib., ukugaya ukwehlisa ubukhulu beenhlayiya), ukusetjenziswa ngokutjhisa ukwenza ama-pellet, kanye nokungezelelwa kwezakhamzimba ezinengi ekudleni ngokuya ngeendingo ezithileko zokudla kwesilwana (27). Nakuqalwa ubujamo obuyinkimbinkimbi, akumangalisi bona ukulungiswa kokudla kuveza amabele eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko zebhoduluko ngaphambi kobana afike esigayeni sokudla, ngesikhathi sokugaya, begodu ngemva kwalokho ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa nokuphakela ukudla okuhlanganisiweko (9, 21, 28). Ngalokho, eminyakeni edlulileko, isiqhema esihlukahlukeneko khulu sezinto eziphilako ezincani sikhonjwe ekudleni, okufaka hlangana ingasi amagciwane kwaphela kodwana nama-bacteriophages, i-fungi, kanye nama-yeast (9, 21, 28–31). Ezinye zezinto ezingcolisako, ezifana nama-fungi athileko, zingakhiqiza ama-mycotoxins abeka ubungozi bepilo eenlwaneni (32–35).
Iinqhema zamabhaktheriya zingahlukahluka begodu zithembele ngezinga elithileko eendleleni ezisetjenziselwa ukuhlukanisa nokukhonjwa kwamagciwane kanye nomthombo wesampula. Ukwenza isibonelo, iphrofayili yokwakheka kwama-microbial ingahluka ngaphambi kokuphathwa ngokutjhisa okuhlobene nokugandeleleka (36). Nanyana amasiko weklasikhi kanye neendlela zokufaka ipuleti zinikele ilwazi elithileko, ukusetjenziswa kwamuva kwendlela yokulandelana kwesizukulwana esilandelako (NGS) esekelwe emajini we-16S rRNA kunikele ngokuhlola okupheleleko komphakathi we-forage microbiome (9). Lokha u-Solanki et al. (37) bahlola i-microbiome yamabhaktheriya yamabele wekoroyi agcinwe isikhathi esithileko phambi kwe-phosphine, isisetjenziswa sokulawula iinambuzane, bathola bona i-microbiome beyihluke khulu ngemva kokuvuna nangemva kweenyanga ezi-3 zokugcinwa. Ukudlula lapho, u-Solanki et al. (37) (37) itjengise bona i-Proteobacteria, i-Firmicutes, i-Actinobacteria, i-Bacteroidetes, kanye ne-Planctomyces bekuyimihlobo ephambili emabeleni wekoroyi, i-Bacillus, i-Erwinia, kanye ne-Pseudomonas bekuyimihlobo ephambili, begodu i-Enterobacteriaceae beyiyingcenye encani. Ngokuya ngokumadanisa kwe-taxonomic, baphetha ngokuthi ukutjhugululwa kwe-phosphine kwatjhugulula khulu inani lamagciwani kodwana azange kuthinte ukuhlukahluka kwe-fungal.
U-Solanki nabanye. (37). Amagciwane athathelwa ukudla afana ne-Clostridium perfringens, i-Clostridium botulinum, i-Salmonella, i-Campylobacter, i-Escherichia coli O157:H7, kanye ne-Listeria monocytogenes ahlotjaniswa nokudla kweenlwana kanye ne-silage (9, 31, 38). Ukuphikelela kwamanye amagciwane athathelwa ukudla ekudleni kweenlwana neenkukhu okwamanje akwaziwa. U-Ge nabanye. (39) bahlola iinthako zokudla kweenlwana ezingaphezu kwama-200 begodu bahlukanisa i-Salmonella, i-E. coli, kanye ne-Enterococci, kodwana azange bathole i-E. coli O157:H7 nofana i-Campylobacter. Kodwana, ama-matrix afana nokudla okomileko angasebenza njengomthombo we-E. coli. Ekulandeleleni umthombo wokuqubuka kwe-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 kanye ne-O26 ehlotjaniswa nobulwelwe babantu ngo-2016, u-Crowe et al. (40) wasebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-genome yoke ukumadanisa ama-isolate wezokwelapha nama-isolate atholakala emikhiqizweni yokudla. Ngokuya ngalokhu kumadanisa, baphetha ngokuthi umthombo ongaba khona bekuyiflowuru yekoroyi eluhlaza enomswakama omncani evela eemgayeni zeflowuru. Umswakama omncani weflowuru yekoroyi utjengisa bona i-STEC nayo ingaphila ekudleni kweenlwana okunomswakama omncani. Kodwana, njengombana u-Crowe et al. (40) qaphela, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-STEC emasampula weflowuru kubudisi begodu kutlhoga iindlela zokuhlukanisa nge-immunomagnetic ukubuyisa inani elaneleko lamaseli webhaktheriya. Iinqubo ezifanako zokuhlola zingabuye zibe budisi ukutholwa nokuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane angakavami avela ekudleni kweenlwana. Ubudisi bokutholwa kungabangelwa kukuphikelela kwesikhathi eside kwamagciwane la ema-matrices anomswakama omncani. U-Forghani et al. (41). emavikini ama-24 nama-52.
Ngokomlando, i-Campylobacter azange ihlukaniswe ekudleni kweenlwana neenkukhu ngeendlela zendabuko (38, 39), nanyana i-Campylobacter ingahlukaniswa lula emgudwini wesisu weenkukhu nemikhiqizo yeenkukhu (42, 43). Nanyana kunjalo, ukudla kusenezinzuzo zakho njengomthombo ongaba khona. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Alves et al. (44). Baphetha ngokuthi i-C. jejuni ingaphila ekudleni kweenkukhu, ngalokho-ke, ingaba mthombo wokutheleleka kweenkukhu.
Ukusilaphazeka kwe-Salmonella kokudla kweenlwana neenkukhu kutjhejwe khulu esikhathini esidlulileko begodu kuhlala kuyinto eqakathekileko emizamweni eragela phambili yokuthuthukisa iindlela zokuthola ezisebenza khulukhulu ekudleni nokuthola iindlela zokulawula eziphumelelako (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Eminyakeni edlulileko, iimfundo ezinengi zihlolisise ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Salmonella eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko zokudla kanye nama-feed mills (38, 39, 54–61). Ngokupheleleko, iimfundo lezi zitjengisa bona i-Salmonella ingahlukaniswa eentweni ezihlukahlukeneko zokudla, imithombo yokudla, imihlobo yokudla, kanye nemisebenzi yokwenza ukudla. Amazinga wokusabalala kanye nama-serotypes we-Salmonella ahlukileko nawo ahlukile. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Li et al. (57) waqinisekisa ubukhona be-Salmonella spp. Kwatholakala kumasampula ayi-12.5% ​​wamasampula ama-2058 abuthelelwe ekudleni okupheleleko kweenlwana, iinthako zokudla, ukudla kweenlwana, ukudla kweenlwana, kanye nezithasiselo zeenlwana ngesikhathi sokubuthelelwa kwedatha ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2009. Phezu kwalokho, ama-serotypes avame khulu atholakala kumasampula we-Salmonella ayi-12.5% ​​atholakale ane-HIV bekungu-S. Senftenberg no-S. Montevideo (57). Ekufundweni kokudla okulungele ukudliwa kanye nemikhiqizo yokudla kweenlwana e-Texas, u-Hsieh et al. (58). Imitjhini yokudla nayo iveza amaphuzu amanengi angaba khona wokungcola kokudla ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa nokungezelela izithako (9, 56, 61). UMagossi nabanye. (61) bakghone ukutjengisa bona amaphuzu amanengi wokusilaphazeka angenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukudla e-United States. Kuhlekuhle, u-Magossi et al. (61). Njengombana kungenzeka ukusilaphazeka kwe-Salmonella ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kokudla, ukuthuthwa, nokudla kwansuku zonke, akumangalisi ukuthi imizamo emikhulu yenziwa yokuthuthukisa izithasiselo zokudla ezinganciphisa begodu zigcine amazinga aphasi wokungcoliswa kwama-microbial kiwo woke umjikelezo wokukhiqiza iinlwana.
Kuncani okwaziwako ngendlela i-Salmonella ephendula ngayo ku-formic acid. Kodwana, u-Huang et al. (62) iveze bona i-formic acid ikhona emathunjini amancani weenlwana ezimunyisako begodu ne-Salmonella spp. zikghona ukukhiqiza i-formic acid. U-Huang et al. (62) wasebenzisa uchungechunge lwama-deletion mutants weendlela eziqakathekileko ukuthola ukuvezwa kwamajini we-Salmonella virulence begodu wathola bona i-formate ingasebenza njengesiginali esakazekako ukukhuthaza i-Salmonella bona ihlasele amaseli we-Hep-2 epithelial. Mhlapha nje, u-Liu et al. (63). Kodwana, irhubhululo leli lenziwa ku-serotype eyodwa ye-S. Typhimurium. Umbuzo usala ukuthi woke ama-serotypes aphendula na ku-formic acid ngeendlela ezifanako. Lokhu kuhlala kungumbuzo oqakathekileko wokurhubhulula okufanele uqalwe eenhlolweni zesikhathi esizako. Kungaqalwa imiphumela, kuhlala kuhlakaniphile ukusebenzisa ama-salmonella serotypes amanengi nanyana imihlobo eminengi ye-serotype ngayinye ekuhlolweni kokuhlola lokha nakwenziwa iincomo ezijayelekileko zokusebenzisa iinthako ze-esidi ukwehlisa amazinga we-Salmonella ekudleni. Iindlela ezitjha, ezifana nokusebenzisa ibhakhodi yezakhi zofuzo ukukhoda imihlobo ukuhlukanisa amaqembu ahlukileko we-serotype efanako (9, 64), inikela ithuba lokubona umehluko omncani ongaba nomthelela ekuphethweni nokuhlathulula umehluko.
Ubujamo bamakhemikhali kanye nendlela yokuhlukana kwe-formate nakho kungaba yinto eqakathekileko. Emlandweni weemfundo, u-Beyer et al. (65–67) itjengise bona ukuvinjelwa kwe-Enterococcus faecium, i-Campylobacter jejuni, kanye ne-Campylobacter coli bekuhlotjaniswa nenani le-formic acid ehlukanisiweko begodu bekungazimele ku-pH nofana i-formic acid engahlukanisiweko. Indlela yamakhemikhali ye-formate lapho amagciwani avezwa khona nayo ibonakala iqakathekile. Kovanda et al. (68) wahlola iinlwanyana ezinengi ezine-Gram-negative ne-Gram-positive begodu waqathanisa ama-minimum inhibitory concentrations (ama-MIC) we-sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) kanye nomxube we-sodium formate ne-free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ngokuya ngamanani we-MIC, bathola bona i-sodium formate beyivimbela kwaphela i-Campylobacter jejuni, i-Clostridium perfringens, i-Streptococcus suis, kanye ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae, kodwana ingasi i-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella typhimurium, nofana i-Enterococcus faecalis. Ngokuphikisako, umhlanganiso we-sodium formate ne-free sodium formate bewuvimbela zoke iinlwana, okwenza bona abatloli baphethe ngokuthi i-fremic acid inezinto ezinengi ezilwa namagciwane. Kungaba mnandi ukuhlola amazinga ahlukileko wamafomu amabili wamakhemikhali ukuthola bona ububanzi bamanani we-MIC buhambisana na nezinga le-formic acid ekhona kufomula ehlanganisiweko kanye nokuphendula kwe-100% ye-formic acid.
U-Gomez-Garcia nabanye. (69) wahlola ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha aqakathekileko nama-organic acid (njenge-formic acid) ngokujamelana nama-isolate amanengi we-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella, kanye ne-Clostridium perfringens etholwe eengulubeni. Bahlola ukusebenza kwama-esidi asithandathu we-organic, kufaka hlangana i-formic acid, namafutha asithandathu aqakathekileko malungana nama-isolates wefarigi, basebenzisa i-formaldehyde njengesilawuli esihle. U-Gomez-García et al. (69). ama-esidi we-organic ngokujamelana ne-E. coli ne-Salmonella. (69) I-formic acid isebenza kuhle malungana ne-Escherichia coli ne-Salmonella ngebanga lobukhulu bayo obuncani bamamolekhyuli kanye neketango elide (70).
Beyer et al. wahlola imihlobo ye-Campylobacter ehlukaniswe eemfarigini (66) kanye nemihlobo ye-Campylobacter jejuni ehlukaniswe eenkukhuni (67) begodu yatjengisa bona i-formic acid ihlukana emazingeni ahambisana neempendulo ze-MIC ezilinganiswe kwamanye ama-organic acid. Kodwana, amandla wama-esidi la, kufaka hlangana i-formic acid, abuzwa ngombana i-Campylobacter ingasebenzisa ama-esidi la njengeensetjenziswa (66, 67). Ukusetjenziswa kwe-asidi ye-C. jejuni akumangalisi ngombana kutjengiswe bona ine-nonglycolytic metabolism. Ngalokho-ke, i-C. jejuni inamandla alinganiselwe wokutjhugulula ama-carbohydrate begodu ithembele ku-gluconeogenesis evela kuma-amino acid kanye nama-organic acid malungana nokusebenza kwayo kwamandla kanye nomsebenzi we-biosynthetic (71, 72). Irhubhululo langaphambilini elenziwa ngu-Line et al. (73) wasebenzisa i-phenotypic array enemithombo yekhabhoni eyi-190 begodu watjengisa bona i-C. jejuni 11168(GS) ingasebenzisa ama-organic acid njengemithombo yekhabhoni, inengi lawo liphakathi komjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid. Iimfundo ezilandelako ezenziwa ngu-Wagli et al. (74) ukusebenzisa i-phenotypic carbon utilization array kutjengise bona i-C. jejuni kanye ne-E. coli strains ezihlolwe esifundweni sabo zikghona ukukhula kuma-organic acid njengomthombo wekhabhoni. I-Formate mnikeli omkhulu we-elekthronikhi we-C. jejuni yokuphefumula kwamandla begodu, ngalokho-ke, mthombo omkhulu wamandla we-C. jejuni (71, 75). I-C. jejuni ikghona ukusebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-hydrogen nge-membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex eyenza i-formate ibe yi-carbon dioxide, ama-proton, nama-elektroni begodu isebenza njengomnikeli we-elekthronikhi wokuphefumula (72).
I-formic acid inomlando omude wokusetjenziswa njengesithuthukisi sokudla okulwa namagciwane, kodwana ezinye iinambuzane zingakhiqiza i-formic acid ukusetjenziswa njengekhemikhali yokuvikela amagciwane. U-Rossini et al. (76) waveza bona i-formic acid ingaba yingcenye ye-esidi yeentuthwane echazwe ngu-Ray (77) pheze eminyakeni ema-350 eyadlulako. Solo kwalokho, ukuzwisisa kwethu ukukhiqizwa kwe-formic acid eentuthwaneni nezinye iinunwana kukhuphuke khulu, begodu kwanje kuyaziwa bona ikambiso le yingcenye yendlela yokuzivikela ebuthini eyinkimbinkimbi (78). Iinqhema ezihlukahlukeneko zezinambuzane, ezifaka hlangana iinyosi ezingenaluma, iintuthwane ezihlabako (Hymenoptera: Apidae), amabhungane wephasi (Galerita lecontei kanye no-G. janus), iintuthwane ezingenaluma (Formicinae), kanye nezinye iinbungu ze-moth (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), zaziwa ngokukhiqiza i-formic acid njengekhemikhali yokuzivikela (7–878).
Iintuthwane mhlamunye ngizo ezihle khulu ngombana zine-acidocytes, iindawo ezivulekileko ezivumela bona zifafaze ubuthi obubunjwe yi-formic acid (82). Iintuthwane zisebenzisa i-serine njengesiqalo begodu zigcina inani elikhulu le-formate eendlala zazo ze-venom, ezivikelwe ngokwaneleko ukuvikela iintuthwane ezibambako ekuthelelekeni kwe-formate bekube kulapho zifafazwa (78, 83). I-formic acid eziyikhuphako ingasebenza (1) njenge-alamu ye-pheromone ukudosa ezinye iintuthwane; (2) ibe yikhemikhali yokuzivikela eemncintiswaneni nezilwaneni ezidla ezinye; begodu (3) isebenza njenge-antifungal ne-antibacterial ejenti lokha nayihlanganiswa ne-resin njengengcenye yezinto zesidleke (78, 82, 84–88). I-formic acid ekhiqizwa ziintuthwane inezinto ezilwisana namagciwani, okuveza bona ingasetjenziswa njengesengezo. Lokhu kwatjengiswa ngu-Bruch et al. (88), owangezelela i-formic acid yokwenziwa ku-resin begodu wenza ngcono khulu ukusebenza kwe-antifungal. Ubufakazi obungezelelweko bokusebenza kwe-formic acid nokusetjenziswa kwayo kwezinto eziphilako kukobana iinlwanyana ezikulu ezidla iintuthwane, ezingakghoni ukukhiqiza i-esidi yesisu, zidla iintuthwane ezine-formic acid ukuzinikela nge-formic acid ehlanganisiweko njengenye indlela yokugaya ukudla (89).
Ukusetjenziswa kwe-formic acid kwezokulima sele kucatshangelwe begodu kufundwe iminyaka eminengi. Khulukhulu, i-formic acid ingasetjenziswa njengesengezo ekudleni kweenlwana kanye ne-silage. I-sodium formate ngendlela eqinileko neyamanzi ithathwa njengephephileko kiyo yoke imihlobo yeenlwana, abathengi kanye nebhoduluko (90). Ngokuya ngokuhlola kwabo (90), ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-10,000 mg ye-formic acid/kg yokudla kwathathwa njengokuphephile kiyo yoke imihlobo yeenlwana, kuthi ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-12,000 mg ye-formic acid/kg yokudla bekuthathwa njengokuphephileko eengulubeni. Ukusetjenziswa kwe-formic acid njengokwenza ngcono ukudla kweenlwana sele kufundwe iminyaka eminengi. Ithathwa njengenegugu lokuthengisa njengesilondolozi se-silage kanye ne-ejenti yokulwisana namagciwani ekudleni kweenlwana neenkukhu.
Iinthako zamakhemikhali ezifana nama-asidi bezihlala ziyinto eqakathekileko ekukhiqizeni i-silage nokulawulwa kokudla (91, 92). U-Borreani et al. (91). Umphumela wokwenza ngcono okunjalo kukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kizo zoke iingaba zenkambo yokukhiqiza: ukusuka ebujameni bokuthoma be-aerobic ngaphakathi kwesilo ukuya ekuvutshelweni okulandelako, ukugcinwa nokuvulwa kabutjha kwesilo ukudla. Iindlela ezithileko zokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwe-silage kanye nokuvundiswa kwe-silage okulandelako sele kukhulunywe ngakho ngokunabileko kwenye indawo (91, 93-95) begodu angeze kwakhulunywa ngakho ngokunabileko lapha. Umraro omkhulu kukuwohloka kwe-oxidative okubangelwa ziimvubelo kanye nama-mold lokha i-oksijini nayikhona ku-silage (91, 92). Ngalokho-ke, ama-inoculants wezinto eziphilako kanye neenthako zamakhemikhali zifakwe ukulwisana nemiphumela emimbi yokubola (91, 92). Ezinye izinto eziqakathekileko ezingezelelweko ze-silage zifaka hlangana ukukhawula ukurhatjheka kwamagciwane angaba khona ku-silage (isib., i-E. coli, i-Listeria, ne-Salmonella) kanye nama-fungi akhiqiza i-mycotoxin (96–98).
U-Mack et al. (92) yahlukanisa iinthako ezine-esidi zaba ziinkoro ezimbili. Ama-asidi afana ne-propionic, acetic, sorbic, kanye nama-benzoic acid agcina ukuzinza kwe-aerobic ye-silage lokha nayiphakelwa iinlwanyana ngokukhawulela ukukhula kwama-yeast nama-mold (92). U-Mack et al. (92) yahlukanisa i-formic acid kwezinye i-esidi begodu yayithatha njenge-asidi eqondileko evimbela i-clostridia kanye nama-microorganisms wonakala ngesikhathi kugcinwa ubuqotho bephrotheyini ye-silage. Ngokwenza, amafomu wabo wetshwayi mafomu wamakhemikhali avamise khulu ukubalekela izakhiwo ezibolako zama-esidi ngendlela engekho itswayi (91). Amaqembu amanengi wokurhubhulula nawo afunde nge-formic acid njengesithasiselo se-asidi se-silage. I-formic acid yaziwa ngokukghona kwayo ukwenza i-esidi msinyana kanye nomthelela wayo wokuvimbela ukukhula kweenlwanyane ezilimazako ze-silage ezinciphisa amaphrotheyini nama-carbohydrate ancibilika emanzini we-silage (99). Ngalokho-ke, u-He et al. (92) waqathanisa i-formic acid neenthako ezine-asidi ku-silage. (100) itjengise bona i-formic acid ingavimbela i-Escherichia coli begodu yehlise i-pH ye-silage. Amasiko wamabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-formic ne-lactic acid nawo afakwa ku-silage ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi nokukhiqizwa kwe-organic acid (101). Kuhlekuhle, u-Cooley et al. (101). U-Mack et al. (92) babuyekeze iincwadi zokurhubhulula ezingezelelweko ze-silage ngokunabileko, kufaka hlangana iimfundo ezigadangiswe kusukela ngo-2000 ebezidzimelele begodu/nofana zifaka hlangana i-formic acid namanye ama-esidi. Ngalokho-ke, ukubuyekezwa lokhu angeze kwakhuluma ngeemfundo ngazinye ngokunabileko kodwana kuzokufingqa amaphuzu aqakathekileko malungana nokusebenza kwe-formic acid njengesithasiselo samakhemikhali se-silage. Kokubili i-formic acid engavikelwako nevikelweko sele ifundwe begodu esikhathini esinengi i-Clostridium spp. Imisebenzi yayo (ukuthathwa kwe-carbohydrate, amaphrotheyini, kanye ne-lactate nokukhutjhwa kwe-butyrate) kuvamise ukwehla, lokha ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia ne-butyrate kwehla begodu ukugcinwa kwezinto ezomileko kukhuphuka (92). Kunemikhawulo ekusebenzeni kwe-formic acid, kodwana ukusetjenziswa kwayo njengesithasiselo se-silage ngokuhlanganiswa namanye ama-asidi kubonakala kunqoba ezinye zeendaba lezi (92).
I-formic acid ingavimbela amagciwane abangela amalwelwe abeka ingozi epilweni yabantu. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Pauly no-Tam (102) bagomela ama-silo amancani welabhorethri nge-L. monocytogenes enamazinga amathathu ahlukileko we-dry matter (200, 430, kanye ne-540 g/kg) ye-ryegrass bese bafakwa nge-formic acid (3 ml/kg) nofana i-lactic acid bacteria (8 × 10/5) kanye nama-enzylotic cellulomes. Babike bona zombili iindlela zokwelapha zehlise i-L. monocytogenes yaba mazingeni angabonakaliko ku-silage yezinto ezomileko eziphasi (200 g/kg). Kodwana, ku-silage eyomileko ephakathi nendawo (430 g/kg), i-L. monocytogenes beyisabonakala ngemva kwamalanga ama-30 ku-silage ephathwe nge-formic acid. Ukwehla kwe-L. monocytogenes kubonakala kuhlotjaniswa ne-pH ephasi, i-lactic acid, kanye nama-asidi angahlanganisiweko. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Pauly no-Tam (102) batjheja bona amazinga we-lactic acid kanye namazinga we-asidi angahlanganisiweko bekaqakatheke khulu, okungaba sizathu sokuthi kubayini kungabonakali ukwehla kwe-L. monocytogenes eenkundleni eziphathwe nge-formic acid ezivela kuma-silage anezinto ezinengi ezomileko. Iimfundo ezifanako kufanele zenziwe esikhathini esizako kezinye iinlwanyana ezifana ne-Salmonella kanye ne-E. coli. Ukuhlaziywa okupheleleko kwe-16S rDNA yokulandelana komphakathi woke we-silage amagciwane kungasiza ukukhomba amatjhuguluko esibalweni se-silage microbial esipheleleko esenzeka emazingeni ahlukileko wokuvutshelwa kwe-silage lapho kune-formic acid (103). Ukuthola idatha ye-microbiome kunganikela isekelo lokuhlaziya ukubikezela ngcono iragelophambili lokubiliswa kwe-silage nokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa okuhle khulu kokugcina ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-silage.
Ekudleni kweenlwana okusekelwe emabeleni, i-formic acid isetjenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulwisana namagciwane ukukhawulela amazinga we-pathogen ema-matrices ahlukahlukeneko wokudla okuvela eenthoroni kanye nezinye izithako zokudla ezifana nemikhiqizo yeenlwana. Imithelela emagciwaneni weenkhukhu nezinye iinlwana ingahlukaniswa ibe ziinkoro ezimbili: imiphumela eqondileko emagciwaneni wokudla ngokwakho kanye nemiphumela engaqondileko emagciwaneni ahlala emgudwini wesisu weenlwana ngemva kokudla ukudla okuphathweko (20, 21, 104). Ngokusobala, iingaba ezimbili lezi zihlobene, njengombana ukwehla kwamagciwane ekudleni kufanele kuholele ekwehlisweni kokukoloniswa lokha isilwana nasidla ukudla. Kodwana, ubujamo bokulwa namagciwani be-esidi ethileko efakwe ku-matrix yokudla ingathonywa ziinzathu ezinengi, njengokwakheka kokudla kanye nendlela i-esidi efakwe ngayo (21, 105).
Ngokomlando, ukusetjenziswa kwe-formic acid namanye ama-esidi ahlobene nawo kugxile khulu ekulawuleni i-Salmonella ekudleni kweenlwana neenkukhu (21). Imiphumela yalezi zifundo ifingqwe ngokunabileko ekubuyekezweni okunengi okugadangiswe ngeenkhathi ezihlukahlukeneko (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), ngalokho-ke kukhulunywa ngabanye bezinto eziqakathekileko ezivela kilezi zifundo ekubuyekezweni lokhu. Iimfundo ezinengi zitjengise bona umsebenzi wokulwisana namagciwani we-formic acid ema-matrices wokudla uya ngomthamo nesikhathi sokuvezwa ku-formic acid, ubujamo bomswakama we-feed matrix, kanye nokugxila kwamagciwani ekudleni kanye ne-gastrointestinal tract yesilwana (19, 21, 107–109). Umhlobo we-feed matrix kanye nomthombo weenthako zokudla kweenlwana nazo zizinto ezinomthelela. Ngalokho, iimfundo ezinengi zitjengise bona amazinga we-Salmonella Ubuthi bebhaktheriya obuhlukaniswe emikhiqizweni yeenlwana bungahluka kilabo obuhlukaniswe emikhiqizweni yeentjalo (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Kodwana, umehluko wokuphendula ama-esidi afana ne-formic acid ungahlotjaniswa nomehluko wokusinda kwe-serovar ekudleni kanye namazinga womtjhiso lapho ukudla kusetjenzwa khona (19, 113, 114). Umehluko ekuphenduleni kwe-serovar ekwelatjhweni kwe-esidi kungaba yinto ebangela ukusilaphazeka kwenkukhu ngokudla okungcolileko (113, 115), begodu umehluko ekuvezweni kwezakhi zofuzo zobuthi (116) nakho kungadlala indima. Umehluko ekubekezeleleni i-esidi kungathinta ukutholwa kwe-Salmonella eenkundleni zokukhula nangabe ama-esidi athwalwa ngokudla awavikelwe ngokwaneleko (21, 105, 117–122). Ubujamo bokudla (ngokuya ngobukhulu beenhlayiya) bungaba nomthelela ekutholakaleni kwe-formic acid emgudwini wesisu (123).
Amaqhinga wokwenza ngcono umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwani we-formic acid efakwe ekudleni nawo aqakathekile. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-asidi kuphakanyisiwe eentweni zokudla ezingcolile khulu ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kokudla ukunciphisa umonakalo ongaba khona emitjhinini yokugaya ukudla kanye nemiraro yokunambitheka kokudla kweenlwana (105). U-Jones (51) waphetha ngokuthi i-Salmonella ekhona ekudleni ngaphambi kokuhlanzwa ngamakhemikhali kubudisi ukuyilawula kune-Salmonella ekhona ekudleni ngemva kokuhlanzwa ngamakhemikhali. Ukuphathwa ngokutjhisa kokudla ngesikhathi sokucubungula esigayeni sokudla kuphakanyiswe njengendlela yokungenelela ukunciphisa ukusilaphazeka kwe-Salmonella kokudla, kodwana lokhu kuya ngokwakheka kokudla, ubukhulu beenhlayiya, nezinye izinto ezihlobene nekambiso yokugaya (51). Umsebenzi wokulwisana namagciwani wama-esidi nawo uncike emazingeni womtjhiso, begodu amazinga womtjhiso aphakemeko lokha nakukhona ama-esidi we-organic angaba nomphumela wokuvimbela i-Salmonella, njengombana kubonwe emasikweni wamanzi we-Salmonella (124, 125). Iimfundo ezinengi zokudla okungcoliswe yi-Salmonella zisekela umbono wokobana amazinga womtjhiso aphakemeko akhuphula ukusebenza kwama-esidi ku-feed matrix (106, 113, 126). U-Amado nabanye. (127). Baphetha ngokuthi ukutjhisa bekuyinto ephambili ethonya ukwehliswa kwama-microbial, kanye ne-esidi kanye nomhlobo webhaktheriya ehlukileko. Umphumela wokusebenzisana ne-esidi usabusa, njeke amazinga womtjhiso aphasi kanye nokugxila kwe-esidi kungasetjenziswa. Kodwana, batjheja nokuthi imiphumela yokusebenzisana beyingabonakali ngaso soke isikhathi lokha nakusetjenziswa i-formic acid, okwenza bona basole bona ukutjhwaba kwe-formic acid emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu nofana imiphumela yokuvikela yeengcenye ze-feed matrix bekuyindaba.
Ukukhawulela isikhathi sokudla ngaphambi kokudla iinlwana kungenye yeendlela zokulawula ukungeniswa kwamagciwani avela ekudleni emzimbeni wesilwana ngesikhathi sokudla. Kodwana, lokha i-esidi ekudleni sele ingene emgudwini wesisu, ingaragela phambili nokusebenzisa umsebenzi wayo wokulwisana namagciwane. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial wezinto ezine-esidi eziphathwa ngaphandle emgudwini wesisu ungathembela ezintweni ezihlukahlukeneko, okufaka hlangana ukugxila kwe-esidi yesisu, indawo esebenzako yomgudu wesisu, i-pH kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-oksijini emgudwini wesisu, iminyaka yesilwana, kanye nokwakheka okuhlobeneko kwe-microbial ye-microbial (okuyinto ethembele ku- indawo ye-gastrointestinal tract kanye nokuvuthwa kwesilwana) (21, 24, 128–132). Ukungezelela, inani elihlalako lezinto eziphilako ezinganamoya emgudwini wesisu (okuba ngamandla emgudwini ongaphasi wokugaya ukudla weenlwana ezinesisu esisodwa njengombana zikhula) zikhiqiza ama-esidi we-organic ngokuvutshelwa, okungaba nomthelela omumbi emagciwaneni wesikhatjhana angena emgudwini wesisu (17–1921).
Irhubhululo elinengi lokuthoma belidzimelele ekusetjenzisweni kwama-esidi we-organic, okufaka hlangana i-formate, ukukhandela i-Salmonella emgudwini wesisu weenkukhu, okukhulunywe ngakho ngokunabileko ekubuyekezweni okunengi (12, 20, 21). Lokha iimfundo lezi naziqalwa ndawonye, ​​kungenzeka ukutjheja okunengi okuqakathekileko. U-McHan no-Shotts (133) babike bona ukudlisa i-formic ne-propionic acid kwehlise amazinga we-Salmonella Typhimurium ku-cecum yeenkukhu ezigonywe ngebhaktheriya begodu zazilinganisa emalangeni ali-7, 14, kanye nama-21 ubudala. Kodwana, lokha u-Hume et al. (128) gada i-C-14-labeled propionate, baphetha ngokuthi i-propionate encani khulu ekudleni ingafikelela e-cecum. Kusazokutholakala bona lokhu kuliqiniso na nge-formic acid. Kodwana, muva nje u-Bourassa et al. (134). (132) waphawula bona ukupha iinkukhu ze-formic acid nge-4 g/t ngesikhathi sokukhula samaviki asithandathu kwehlise ukugxila kwe-S. Typhimurium ku-cecum ukuya ngaphasi kwezinga lokutholwa.
Ukuba khona kwe-formic acid ekudleni kungaba nomthelela kwezinye iindawo zesisu seenkukhu. U-Al-Tarazi no-Alshavabkeh (134) batjengisa bona ukuhlanganiswa kwe-formic acid ne-propionic acid kungehlisa ukusilaphazeka kwe-Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) esitjalweni ne-cecum. U-Thompson no-Hinton (129) batjheja bona ingxube ye-formic acid ne-propionic acid etholakala emabhizinisini ikhuphule ukugxila kwazo zombili i-esidi esitjalweni ne-gizzard begodu beyibulala amagciwani malungana ne-Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 kumodeli ye-in vitro ngaphasi kwemibandela yokukhulisa. Umqondo lo usekelwa yidatha ye-in vivo evela ku-Bird et al. (135) wangezelela i-formic acid emanzini wokusela weenkukhu zenyama ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, okufana nokuzila ukudla kweenkukhu zenyama ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa endaweni yokukhiqiza iinkukhu. Ukungezelelwa kwe-formic acid emanzini wokusela kwabangela ukwehla kwenani le-S. Typhimurium esitjalweni ne-epididymis, kanye nokwehla kwemvamisa yeentjalo ezine-S. Typhimurium, kodwana ingasi inani le-epididymis ehle (135). Ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlelo wokuletha angavikela ama-esidi we-organic ngesikhathi asebenza emgudwini ongaphasi wamathumbu kungasiza ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kuhle. Ukwenza isibonelo, ukufakwa kwe-formic acid kanye nokungezelelwa kwayo ekudleni kutjengiswe ukwehlisa inani le-Salmonella Enteritidis ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe kwe-cecal (136). Kodwana, lokhu kungahluka ngokuya ngomhlobo wesilwana. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Walia et al. (137) akhenge babone ukwehla kwe-Salmonella ku-cecum nofana ema-lymph node weengulube ezinezinsuku ezima-28 ezidliwe umxube we-formic acid, i-citric acid, kanye nama-essential oil capsules, begodu nanyana ukukhishwa kwe-Salmonella ethuvini kwehliswe ngelanga le-14, azange kwehle ngelanga le-28. kuvinjelwe.
Nanyana iimfundo ze-formic acid njenge-ejenti yokulwisana namagciwane ekufuyeni iinlwana zidzimelele khulu ku-Salmonella ethathwa ngokudla, kunezinye iimfundo ezitjheje ezinye iinlwanyana zesisu. Iimfundo ze-in vitro ezenziwa ngu-Kovanda et al. (68). Iimfundo zangaphambilini zitjengise bona ama-esidi we-organic (isib., i-lactic acid) kanye nemixube yezokuthengisa ene-formic acid njengesithako kunganciphisa amazinga we-Campylobacter eenkukhuni (135, 138). Kodwana, njengombana kutjhiwo ngaphambilini ngu-Beyer et al. (67), ukusetjenziswa kwe-formic acid njenge-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane ngokujamelana ne-Campylobacter kungatlhoga ukutjheja. Lokhu okutholweko kuyinkinga khulu ekungezeleleni ukudla kweenkukhu ngombana i-formic acid mthombo omkhulu wamandla wokuphefumula we-C. jejuni. Ukudlula lapho, ingcenye ye-gastrointestinal niche yayo kucatshangelwa bona ibangelwa kukudla okuphambeneko kwe-metabolic nemikhiqizo yokubilisa ye-esidi ehlangeneko ekhiqizwa ziibhaktheriya ze-gastrointestinal, ezifana ne-formate (139). Umbono lo unesisekelo esithileko. Ngombana i-formate iyi-chemoattractant ye-C. jejuni, ama-double mutants aneemraro kizo zombili i-formate dehydrogenase ne-hydrogenase anciphise amazinga wokukoloniswa kwe-cecal eenkukhuni zenyama nayiqathaniswa ne-wild-type C. jejuni strains (140, 141). Akukacaci bona ukungezelelwa kwe-formic acid yangaphandle kuthinta kangangani ukukolonizwa kwe-gastrointestinal tract yi-C. jejuni eenkukhu. Amazinga we-formate we-gastrointestinal angaba phasi ngebanga lokutjhugululwa kwe-formate ngamanye amagciwane we-gastrointestinal nofana ukumuncwa kwe-formate emgudwini ongaphezulu we-gastrointestinal, ngalokho izinto ezinengi zingaba nomthelela kilokhu. Ukungezelela, i-formate mhlobo wokubilisa okhiqizwa ngamanye amabhaktheriya wesisu, angathonya amazinga we-formate we-gastrointestinal. Ukulinganisa i-formate kokuqukethwe kwamathumbu nokukhonjwa kwamajini we-formate dehydrogenase ngokusebenzisa i-metagenomics kungakhanyisela ezinye izinto ze-ekholoji yama-microorganisms akhiqiza i-formate.
U-Roth nabanye. (142). I-E. coli ehlukileko nengamelana nama-antibiotic yabalwa emasampula wendle ahlanganisiweko avela eenkukhu zenyama ezinelanga elilodwa kanye namasampula we-cecal avela eenkukhu ezinenyama ezinelanga eli-14 kanye namalanga ama-38. I-E. coli isolates yahlolwa ukujamelana ne-ampicillin, i-cefotaxime, i-ciprofloxacin, i-streptomycin, i-sulfamethoxazole, kanye ne-tetracycline ngokuya ngamaphuzu wokuphumula ebegade anqunywe ngaphambilini we-antibiotic ngayinye. Lokha iintjhaba ze-E. coli nazilinganiswa begodu zivezwa, akukho i-enrofloxacin nofana ukungezelelwa kwe-acid cocktail okutjhugulule inani elipheleleko le-E. coli elihlukaniswe ku-ceca yeenkukhu ezinamalanga ali-17 ukuya kwama-28. Iinyoni eziphiwe ukudla okungezelelweko kwe-enrofloxacin bezinamazinga akhuphukileko we-ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, kanye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli begodu amazinga wehla we-cefotaxime-resistant E. coli ku-ceca. Iinyoni eziphakelwe ikhoktheyili zibe nenani eliphasi le-ampicillin- kanye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli ku-ceca nayiqathaniswa neenyoni ezilawulwako kanye ne-enrofloxacin-supplemented. Iinyoni eziphiwe i-asidi ehlangeneko nazo zibe nokwehla kwenani le-ciprofloxacin- kanye ne-sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli ku-cecum naziqathaniswa neenyoni eziphiwe i-enrofloxacin. Indlela ama-esidi aphungula ngayo inani le-E. coli ejamelana nama-antibiotic ngaphandle kokwehlisa inani elipheleleko le-E. coli ayikacaci. Kodwana, imiphumela yesifundo esenziwa ngu-Roth et al. zihambisana nalezo zesiqhema se-enrofloxacin. (142) Lokhu kungaba yinkomba yokusabalala okunciphileko kwamajini wokujamelana nama-antibiotic ku-E. coli, njengama-inhibitor ahlanganiswe ne-plasmid achazwe ngu-Cabezon et al. (143). Kungaba mnandi ukwenza ihlaziyo elijulileko lokujamelana nama-antibiotic alawulwa yi-plasmid esiqhemeni seenkukhu ezisemathunjini lokha nakuneenthako zokudla ezifana ne-formic acid begodu nokuragela phambili nokucwengisisa ukuhlaziywa lokhu ngokuhlola ukujamelana kwamathumbu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweenthako zokudla ezilwa namagciwani ezilwa namagciwane kufanele kube nomthelela omncani eentjalweni zesisu, khulukhulu kilezo ezithathwa njengezizuzisa umsingathi. Kodwana, ama-esidi we-organic aphathwa ngaphandle angaba nemiphumela emimbi ema-microbiota we-gastrointestinal begodu ngezinga elithileko angaqeda izakhiwo zawo zokuvikela emagciwaneni. Ukwenza isibonelo, u-Thompson no-Hinton (129) batjheja ukwehla kwamazinga we-lactic acid eenkhukhuni ezibekela amaqanda ezidliswa umxube we-formic ne-propionic acid, okusikisela bona ukuba khona kwama-exogenous organic acid esitjalweni kwabangela ukwehla kwama-lactobacilli weentjalo. I-lactobacilli yeentjalo ithathwa njengesithiyo se-Salmonella, begodu ngalokho-ke ukuphazamiseka kwe-microbiota yesitjalo esihlalako kungaba yingozi ekwehliseni ngempumelelo kwekoloni ye-Salmonella emgudwini wokugaya ukudla (144). U-Açıkgöz nabanye. wathola bona imiphumela yeenyoni engaphasi yamathumbu ingaba phasi. (145) Akukho mehluko otholakeleko kiyo yoke iintjalo zamathumbu nofana inani le-Escherichia coli eenkukhuni ezinamalanga ama-42 ezisela amanzi ane-asidi nge-formic acid. Abatloli baphakamise bona lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi i-formate iyatjhugululwa emgudwini ongaphezulu wesisu, njengombana kubonwe ngabanye abaphenyi abasebenzisa amafutha amafitjhani (SCFA) (128, 129).
Ukuvikela i-formic acid ngendlela ethileko yokuvala kungasiza bona ifinyelele emgudwini ongaphasi wamathumbu. (146). Umphumela lo wenza bona abatloli baphakamise bona i-formic acid ingafikelela kuhle emgudwini ongaphasi wamathumbu nangabe ivikelwe kuhle. Kodwana, amanye amapharamitha amanengi, afana nokugxila kwe-formate ne-lactate, nanyana kuphezulu kunalawo wefarigi adliswa ukudla okulawulako, bekangafani ngokwezibalo kilawo wefarigi adliswa ukudla okungakavikeleki kwe-formate. Nanyana iingulube eziphakelwe i-formic acid engavikelekileko nevikelekileko zitjengise ukwanda okuphindwe kathathu kwe-lactic acid, inani le-lactobacilli azange litjhugululwe ngimuphi umuthi. Umehluko ungabonakala khulu kezinye iinlwana ezikhiqiza i-lactic acid ku-cecum (1) ezingatholwa ziindlela lezi kanye/nofana (2) umsebenzi wazo wokugaya ukudla othintekako, ngaleyindlela kutjhugulula iphetheni yokubilisa ukwenzela bona ama-lactobacilli ahlalako akhiqize i-lactic acid enengi.
Ukufunda ngokunembileko imiphumela yeenthako zokudla emgudwini wesisu weenlwana zeplasini, iindlela zokukhomba ama-microbial ezine-resolution ephezulu ziyatlhogeka. Eminyakeni embalwa edlulileko, ukulandelana kwesizukulwana esilandelako (NGS) sejini le-16S RNA kusetjenziselwe ukukhomba ama-microbiome taxa nokumadanisa ukuhlukahluka kwemiphakathi yama-microbial (147), okunikela ukuzwisisa okungcono kokusebenzisana hlangana nokungezelelwa kokudla kanye ne-gastrointestinal microbiota yeenlwana ezifana neenkukhu.
Iimfundo ezinengi zisebenzise ukulandelana kwe-microbiome ukuhlola ukuphendula kwe-microbiome ye-gastrointestinal yenkukhu ekungezeleleni i-formate. U-Oakley nabanye. (148). Iinkukhu ezigonyweko zatlhoriswa nge-nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strain begodu i-ceca yazo yasuswa emalangeni ama-0, 7, 21, kanye nama-42 ubudala. Amasampula we-cecal alungiselelwe ukulandelana kwe-454 begodu imiphumela yokulandelana yahlolwa ukuhlukaniswa nokumadanisa ukufana. Ngokupheleleko, imithi ayizange ithinte khulu i-cecal microbiome nofana amazinga we-S. Typhimurium. Kodwana, amazinga wokutholwa kwe-Salmonella aphelele njengombana iinyoni zikhula, njengombana kuqinisekiswe ngokuhlaziywa kwe-taxonomic ye-microbiome, begodu inani elihlobeneko lokulandelana kwe-Salmonella nalo lehla ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Abatloli batjheja bona njengombana ama-broiler akhula, ukuhlukahluka kwe-cecal microbial landa, begodu amatjhuguluko aqakathekileko khulu we-gastrointestinal flora abonwa kiwo woke amaqembu wokwelatjhwa. Esifundweni sakamuva, u-Hu et al. (149) waqathanisa imiphumela yokusela amanzi nokudla ukudla okungezelelwe ngehlanganisela yama-organic acid (i-formic acid, i-acetic acid, i-propionic acid, kanye ne-ammonium formate) kanye ne-virginiamycin kumasampula we-cecal microbiome avela eenkukhuni eziqoqwe ngezigaba ezimbili (amalanga ama-1–21 kanye namalanga ama-24–24). Nanyana kukhona umehluko ekuhlukahlukeni kwe-cecal microbiome kwabonwa hlangana namaqembu wokwelatjhwa emalangeni ama-21, akukho mehluko ekuhlukahlukeni kwe-α- nofana i-β-bacteria eyatholakala emalangeni ama-42. Njengombana kunganamehluko emalangeni ama-42 weminyaka, abalobi bacabanga bona ubuhle bokukhula bungabangelwa kusungulwa kwangaphambilini kwe-microbiome ehlukileko.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome okudzimelele emphakathini we-cecal microbial kwaphela kungenzeka kungatjengisi lapho emgudwini wamathumbu imiphumela eminengi yama-organic acid wokudla yenzeka khona. I-microbiome ye-gastrointestinal tract ephezulu yeenkukhu zenyama ingaba sengozini khulu emiphumeleni yama-organic acid wokudla, njengombana kuvezwe miphumela ka-Hume et al. (128). U-Hume nabanye. (128) watjengisa bona inengi le-propionate efakwe ngaphandle kwamunywa emgudwini ongaphezulu wesisu weenyoni. Iimfundo zamva nje eziphathelene nokuvezwa kwezinto eziphilako ezisemathunjini nazo zisekela umbono lo. Nava nabanye. (150). Mhlapha nje, u-Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150). (151). Ekupheleni kokuhlola, isitjalo, isisu, i-distal ezimbili kwezintathu ze-ileum, kanye ne-cecum zasuswa begodu amasampula athathwa ukuhlaziywa okulinganiselweko kweentjalo ezithileko zesisu kanye nama-metabolites kusetjenziswa i-RT-PCR. Ngokwesiko, ukugxila kwama-organic acid azange kuthinte ubunengi be-Lactobacillus nofana i-Bifidobacterium, kodwana kwandisa inani le-Clostridium. E-ileum, amatjhuguluko kwaphela bekukwehla kwe-Lactobacillus ne-Enterobacter, kuthi ku-cecum iintjalo lezi bezingatjhuguluki (151). Esikhathini esiphezulu sokungezelelwa kwe-organic acid, ukugxila kwe-lactic acid (D no-L) kwehliswe esitjalweni, ukugxila kwama-organic acid womabili kwehliswe esiswini, begodu ukugxila kwama-organic acid bekuphasi e-cecum. Bekungakabi namatjhuguluko e-ileum. Malungana nama-esidi wamafutha amafitjhani (ama-SCFA), ukutjhuguluka okukodwa esitjalweni ne-gizzard yeenyoni ezidliswa ngama-organic acids bekusezingeni le-propionate. Iinyoni eziphakelwe i-organic acid ephasi zitjengise ukwanda kwe-propionate okuphindwe kalitjhumi esitjalweni, kuthi iinyoni ezidliwe i-organic acid ephindwe kabili zitjengise ukwanda kwe-propionate okuphindwe abunane kanye nelitjhumi nahlanu e-gizzard, ngokulandelana. Ukwanda kwe-acetate ku-ileum bekungaphansi kokuphindwe kabili. Ngokupheleleko, idatha le isekela umbono wokobana imiphumela eminengi yokusetjenziswa kwe-organic acid yangaphandle beyibonakala ekuvuneni, lokha ama-organic acid abe nemiphumela emincani emphakathini wama-microbial we-gastrointestinal ongaphasi, okusikisela bona amaphetheni wokuvundiswa we-flora ehlala e-gastrointestinal ephezulu kungenzeka atjhugululwe.
Ngokusobala, ukuhlathulula okujulileko kwe-microbiome kuyatlhogeka ukucacisa ngokuzeleko iimpendulo ze-microbial ukwakheka kiyo yoke i-gastrointestinal tract. Ukuhlaziywa okujulileko kwe-microbial taxonomy yamagumbi athileko wesisu, khulukhulu amagumbi angaphezulu afana nesitjalo, kunganikela ukuzwisisa okungeziweko ngokukhethwa kwamaqembu athileko wama-microorganisms. Imisebenzi yabo yokugaya ukudla kanye ne-enzymatic nayo inganquma bona ingabe inobudlelwano obuphikisanako namagciwane angena emgudwini wesisu. Kungaba mnandi nokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-metagenomic ukuthola bona ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali ane-esidi ngesikhathi sokuphila kweenyoni kukhetha amagciwane amanengi “akwazi ukubekezelela i-esidi”, nokuthi ukuba khona kanye/nofana ukusebenza kwe-metabolic yamagciwane la kungaba sithiyo esingezelelweko sokukoloniswa kwamagciwane.
I-formic acid sele isetjenziswe iminyaka eminengi njengekhemikhali yokungezelela ekudleni kweenlwana begodu njenge-asidi ye-silage. Okhunye kokusetjenziswa kwayo okukhulu kusebenza kwayo kokulwa namagciwani ukunciphisa inani lamagciwane ekudleni kanye nokuhlala kwawo emgudwini wesisu weenyoni. Iimfundo ze-in vitro zitjengise bona i-formic acid yi-ejenti ephumelelako yokulwisana namagciwani malungana ne-Salmonella namanye amagciwane. Kodwana, ukusetjenziswa kwe-formic acid ema-matrices wokudla kungalinganiselwa linani eliphezulu lezinto eziphilako ezithathweni zokudla kanye namandla wazo wokuvikela. I-formic acid ibonakala inomthelela omumbi ku-Salmonella namanye amagciwane lokha nayithathwa ngokudla nofana ngamanzi wokusela. Kodwana, ukuphikisana lokhu kwenzeka khulukhulu emgudwini ongaphezulu wamathumbu, njengoba ukugxila kwe-formic acid kungehliswa emgudwini ongaphasi wamathumbu, njengombana kunjalo nge-propionic acid. Umqondo wokuvikela i-esidi ye-formic ngokusebenzisa ukuvala unikela ngendlela engenzeka yokuletha i-esidi enengi emgudwini ongaphasi wamathumbu. Ukudlula lapho, iimfundo zitjengise bona ukuhlanganiswa kwama-esidi we-organic kusebenza kuhle khulu ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kweenkukhu kunokuphathwa kwe-esidi eyodwa (152). I-Campylobacter emgudwini wesisu ingaphendula ngokuhlukileko ku-formate, ngombana ingasebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-elekthronikhi, begodu i-formate mthombo wayo omkhulu wamandla. Akucaci bona ukwandisa ukugxila kwe-formate emgudwini wesisu kungaba lisizo ku-Campylobacter, begodu lokhu kungenzeka kungenzeki ngokuya ngezinye iintjalo ze-gastrointestinal ezingasebenzisa i-formate njengesisekelo.
Iimfundo ezengeziweko ziyatlhogeka ukuphenya imiphumela ye-formic acid yamathumbu ema-microbes angahlaseli amathumbu. Sikhetha ukukhetha ukuqopha amagciwane ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amalunga we-microbiome yamathumbu asiza umsingathi. Kodwana, lokhu kutlhoga ukuhlaziywa okujulileko kokulandelana kwe-microbiome yemiphakathi yama-microbial we-gastrointestinal. Nanyana ezinye iimfundo zigadangisiwe nge-cecal microbiome yeenyoni eziphathwe nge-formic acid, kutlhogeka ukutjheja okukhulu emphakathini wama-microbial we-upper gastrointestinal. Ukukhonjwa kwama-microorganisms nokumadanisa ukufana hlangana nemiphakathi yama-microbial we-gastrointestinal ebukhoneni nofana ukungabi khona kwe-formic acid kungaba yihlathululo engapheleleko. Ukuhlaziywa okungezelelweko, okufaka hlangana i-metabolomics kanye ne-metagenomics, kuyatlhogeka ukuveza umehluko wokusebenza hlangana namaqembu afanako. Ukuhlathulula okunjalo kuqakathekile ukusungula ubudlelwano hlangana nomphakathi wama-microbial wamathumbu kanye nokuphendula kokusebenza kweenyoni eenthuthukisweni ezisekelwe ku-formic acid. Ukuhlanganisa iindlela ezinengi zokuhlathulula ngokunembileko ukusebenza kwamathumbu kufanele kwenze bona kube nokuthuthukiswa kwamaqhinga wokungezelela i-organic acid begodu ekugcineni kuthuthukise ukubikezela kwepilo ehle khulu yeenyoni nokusebenza kwayo lokha nakunciphisa ubungozi bokuphepha kokudla.
U-SR watlola ukubuyekezwa lokhu ngokusizwa ngu-DD no-KR. Boke abatloli benze igalelo elikhulu emsebenzini owethulwe kilokhu kubuyekezwa.
Abatloli bamemezela bona ukubuyekezwa lokhu kuthole imali evela ku-Anitox Corporation ukuthoma ukutlolwa nokugadangiswa kwalokhu kubuyekezwa. Abasekeli bemali bebanganathonya emibonweni neemphethweni ezivezwe esihlokweni sokubuyekeza namkha esiquntwini sokuyigadangisa.
Abatloli abaseleko bamemezela bona irhubhululo lenziwa ngaphandle kobudlelwano bezamabhizinisi nofana bezemali obungathathwa njengokungqubuzana kwemibono.
U-Dr. DD uthanda ukuthokoza isekelo elivela e-University of Arkansas Graduate School ngokusebenzisa i-Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, kanye nesekelo eliragela phambili elivela e-University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program kanye noMnyango weSayensi yokudla. Phezu kwalokho, abatloli bangathanda ukuthokoza i-Anitox ngokusekela kwabo kokuthoma ekutloleni ukubuyekezwa lokhu.
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