Ngiyathokoza ngokuvakatjhela i-Nature.com. Inguqulo yebhrawuza oyisebenzisako inesekelo elilinganiselwe le-CSS. Ukuthola imiphumela emihle, sincoma ukusebenzisa inguqulo etja yesiphequluli sakho (nofana ukuvala imodi yokuhambisana ku-Internet Explorer). Okwanje, ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okuragela phambili, sitjengisa isayithi ngaphandle kwesitayela nofana i-JavaScript.
Ukusilaphazeka kwe-cadmium (Cd) kungaba yingozi ekuphepheni kokulima isitjalo sezokwelapha i-Panax notoginseng e-Yunnan. Ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-Cd, kwenziwa iinhlahlubo zesimu ukuzwisisa imiphumela yokusetjenziswa kwe-lime (0, 750, 2250 kanye ne-3750 kg/h/m2) nokufafazwa kwamahlamvu nge-oxalic acid (0, 0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol/L) ekuqongeleleni i-Cd kanye ne-antioxidant. Iingcenye ezihlelekileko nezokwelapha ze-Panax notoginseng. Imiphumela itjengise bona ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-Cd, i-lime kanye ne-foliar spray nge-oxalic acid kungakhuphula i-Ca2+ okuqukethwe kwe-Panax notoginseng begodu kwehlise ubuthi be-Cd2+. Ukungezelelwa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid kwandisa ukusebenza kwama-enzayimu we-antioxidant begodu kwatjhugulula ukusebenza kwe-osmotic regulators. Okuqakatheke khulu kukwanda komsebenzi we-CAT ngeenkhathi ezi-2.77. Ngaphasi kwethonya le-oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda waba ziinkhathi eziyi-1.78. Okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehle ngama-58.38%. Kunokuhlobana okuqakathekileko khulu netjhukela encibilikako, ama-amino acid wamahhala, i-proline kanye namaphrotheyini ancibilikako. I-lime ne-oxalic acid zingakhuphula i-calcium ion (Ca2+) ye-Panax notoginseng, zinciphise i-Cd, zithuthukise ukujamelana nokugandeleleka kwe-Panax notoginseng, begodu zikhulise ukukhiqizwa kwama-saponins nama-flavonoids. Ukuqukethwe kwe-Cd kuphasi khulu, 68.57% ngaphasi kokulawula, begodu kuhambelana nenani elijwayelekileko (i-Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Inani le-SPN belingu-7.73%, lifinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu hlangana nazo zoke iindlela zokwelapha, begodu okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid kwanda khulu ngama-21.74%, kwafikelela emananini wezokwelapha ajwayelekileko kanye nokukhiqiza okuhle.
I-Cadmium (Cd) sisilaphazi esivamileko sehlabathi etjalweko, sifuduka lula begodu sinobuthi obukhulu bezinto eziphilako. U-El-Shafei et al2 babike bona ubuthi be-cadmium buthinta ikhwalithi nokukhiqiza kweentjalo ezisetjenzisiweko. Amazinga amanengi we-cadmium ehlabathini etjalweko eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-China sele abe mambi khulu eminyakeni esanda kwedlula. IsiFunda se-Yunnan mbuso we-China weentjalo ezihlukahlukeneko, lapho imihlobo yeentjalo zokwelapha ithatha indawo yokuthoma enarheni. Kodwana, i-Yunnan Province inothile ngemithombo yamaminerali, begodu ikambiso yokumba irholela ekutheni kube nokusilaphazeka kwensimbi ebudisi ehlabathini, okuthinta ukukhiqizwa kweentjalo zokwelapha zendawo.
I-Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) sisitjalo sezokwelapha esihlala isikhathi eside esivela emhlobeni we-Panax womndeni we-Araliaceae. I-Panax notoginseng yenza ngcono ukujikeleza kweengazi, iqeda ukujama kweengazi begodu iqeda ubuhlungu. Indawo ekulu yokukhiqiza yi-Wenshan Prefecture, e-Yunnan Province5. Ihlabathi engaphezu kwama-75% eendaweni ezitjalwa i-Panax notoginseng ginseng ingcoliswe yi-cadmium, amazinga ahluka ukusuka ku-81% ukuya ngaphezu kwe-100% eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko6. Umphumela onobuthi we-Cd godu wehlisa khulu ukukhiqizwa kweengcenye zokwelapha ze-Panax notoginseng, khulukhulu ama-saponins nama-flavonoids. Ama-saponins mhlobo we-glycosidic compound ama-aglycones wawo ama-triterpenoids nofana ama-spirostanes. Zizithako ezisebenzako eziqakathekileko zemithi eminengi yesintu yamaTjhayina begodu ziqukethe ama-saponin. Amanye ama-saponin nawo anomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwani nofana imisebenzi eqakathekileko yezinto eziphilako efana nemiphumela yokuqeda umtjhiso, ukuthulisa kanye nokulwisana nomdlavuza7. Ama-flavonoid avamise ukutjho uchungechunge lwamakhompawundi lapho amasongo amabili we-benzene anamaqembu we-phenolic hydroxyl ahlanganiswe ngama-athomu amathathu wekhabhoni. Umgogodla omkhulu yi-2-phenylchromanone 8. Yi-antioxidant eqinileko engakhipha kuhle ama-oksijini we-free radicals eentjalweni. Kungaphinde kuvimbele ukungena kwama-enzyme wezinto eziphilako ezifuthako, kukhuthaze ukuphola kwesilonda nokuqeda ubuhlungu, begodu kwehlise amazinga we-cholesterol. Ngenye yezinto eziqakathekileko ezisebenzako ze-Panax notoginseng. Kunesidingo esirhabekileko sokulungisa umraro wokusilaphazeka kwe-cadmium ehlabathini eendaweni zokukhiqiza i-Panax ginseng nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kweenthako zayo eziqakathekileko zokwelapha.
I-lime ngenye yezinto ezisetjenziswa khulu ekuhlanzeni ihlabathi engaguqukiko ukusuka ekungcolisweni kwe-cadmium10. Ithinta ukumuncwa nokubekwa kwe-Cd ehlabathini ngokwehlisa ukutholakala kwe-Cd ehlabathini ngokukhuphula inani le-pH nokutjhugulula amandla wokutjhugulula i-cation yehlabathi (i-CEC), ukugcwala kwetswayi yehlabathi (BS) kanye ne-redox potential yehlabathi (Eh)3, 11. Ngaphezu kwalokho, , i-lime inikela ngenani elikhulu le-Ca2+ ifomu, enama-antagonism I-Cd2+, iphalisana ngeendawo zokudonsa emirabhu, ivimbela ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd ehlabathini, begodu inobuthi obuphasi bezinto eziphilako. Lokha i-50 mmol L-1 Ca nayifakwa ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-Cd, ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd emakarini we-sesame kwavinjelwa begodu ukubuthelela kwe-Cd kwehla ngama-80%. Iimfundo ezinengi ezifanako zibikwe elayisini (i-Oryza sativa L.) nezinye iintjalo12,13.
Ukufafaza ngamakari weentjalo ukulawula ukubuthelela kweensimbi ezisindako yindlela etja yokulawula iinsimbi ezisindako eminyakeni esanda kwedlula. Umthetho wayo uhlobene khulu nokuphendula kwe-chelation emaseli weentjalo, okuphumela ekubekweni kweensimbi ezisindako ebodeni lamaseli begodu kuvimbele ukuthathwa kweensimbi ezisindako ziintjalo14,15. Njengesisetjenziswa esiqinileko se-diacid chelating, i-oxalic acid ingakhipha ngqo ama-ayoni wensimbi ebudisi eentjalweni, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ubuthi. Irhubhululo litjengise bona i-oxalic acid emasoyeni ingakhipha i-Cd2+ begodu ikhuphe amakristalu ane-Cd ngamaseli we-trichome angaphezulu, okwehlisa amazinga we-Cd2+ emzimbeni16. I-oxalic acid ingalawula i-pH yehlabathi, ikhulise ukusebenza kwe-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT), begodu ilawule ukungena kwetjhukela encibilikako, amaphrotheyini ancibilikako, ama-amino acid wamahhala kanye ne-proline. Abalawuli bokugaya ukudla17,18. I-asidi ne-Ca2+ enengi esitjalweni yakha i-calcium oxalate precipitate ngaphasi kwesenzo samaphrotheyini we-nucleating. Ukulawula ukugxila kwe-Ca2+ eentjalweni kungaphumelelisa ukulawulwa kwe-oxalic acid encibilikileko ne-Ca2+ eentjalweni begodu kugwenywe ukubuthelela khulu kwe-oxalic acid ne-Ca2+19,20.
Inani le-lime esetjenzisiweko ngenye yezinto eziqakathekileko ezithonya umphumela wokulungisa. Kwatholakala bona umthamo we-lime bewusuka ku-750 ukuya ku-6000 kg/m2. Enhlabathini ene-esidi ene-pH engu-5.0~5.5, umphumela wokufaka i-lime ngezinga elingu-3000~6000 kg/h/m uphezulu khulu kunomthamo we-750 kg/h/m221. Kodwana, ukusetjenziswa kwe-lime ngokweqileko kuzokuphumela eminye imiphumela emimbi ehlabathini, njengokutjhuguluka okukhulu kwe-pH yehlabathi nokuminyana kwehlabathi22. Ngalokho-ke, sichaze amazinga wokwelatjhwa kwe-CaO njenge-0, 750, 2250 kanye ne-3750 kg hm-2. Lokha i-oxalic acid nayifakwa ku-Arabidopsis thaliana, kwatholakala bona i-Ca2+ yehle khulu nge-10 mmol L-1, begodu umndeni wezakhi zofuzo ze-CRT, othinta ukutjengisa i-Ca2+, waphendula ngamandla20. Ukubuthelela kwezinye iimfundo zangaphambilini kusivumele bona sithole ukugxila kwalokhu kuhlolwa begodu siragele phambili nokufunda umphumela wokuthintana kwama-supplement we-exogenous ku-Ca2+ kanye ne-Cd2+23,24,25. Ngalokho-ke, irhubhululo leli lihlose ukuhlola indlela yokulawula ye-exogenous lime kanye ne-oxalic acid leaf spray phezu kwe-Cd kanye nokubekezelela ukugandeleleka kwe-Panax notoginseng ehlabathini elingcoliswe yi-Cd begodu kuragele phambili nokuhlola iindlela zokuqinisekisa ngcono ikhwalithi yezokwelapha nokusebenza kuhle. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Panax notoginseng. Unikela isiqondiso esiqakathekileko sokukhuphula izinga lokutjalwa kweentjalo ezinamakhadi ehlabathini elingcoliswe yi-cadmium nokufikelela umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu, osimemeko ofunwa yimakethe yemithi.
Ngokusebenzisa umhlobo we-ginseng wendawo we-Wenshan Panax notoginseng njengesisetjenziswa, ukuhlolwa kwendawo kwenziwa e-Lannizhai, e-Qiubei County, e-Wenshan Prefecture, e-Yunnan Province (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ukuphakama okungu-1446 m). Izinga lokutjhisa eliphakathi nendawo lingama-17°C kuthi izulu eliphakathi nendawo lingama-1250 mm. Amanani wangemuva wehlabathi elifundwako bekuyi-TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, i-alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1 , ngaphandle kwe-phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, i-potassium yamahhala 100.37 mg kg-1, i-cadmium epheleleko 0.3 mg kg-1, i-pH 5.4.
NgoNobayeni mhlana ali-10, 2017, i-6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) kanye nokuphathwa kwe-lime (0, 750, 2250 kanye ne-3750 kg/h/m2) kwahlanganiswa begodu kwafakwa ebusweni behlabathi ngesendlalelo esingu-0~10 cm seplothi ngayinye. . Ukwelatjhwa ngamunye kwaphindwa kathathu. Iindawo zokuhlola zibekwe ngokungakahleleki, indawo ngayinye ihlanganisa indawo eyi-3 m2. Iintjalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka eyodwa zatjalwa ngemva kwamalanga ali-15 wokulima. Nawusebenzisa inethi ye-sunshade, ukukhanya kwe-Panax notoginseng ngaphakathi kwenethi ye-sunshade kungaba yi-18% yokukhanya okujayelekileko kwemvelo. Ukulima kwenziwa ngokuya ngeendlela zokutjala zendabuko zendawo. Ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwe-Panax notoginseng ngo-2019, fafaza i-oxalic acid ngendlela ye-sodium oxalate. Ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid bekuyi-0, 0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol L-1, ngokulandelana, begodu i-NaOH yasetjenziselwa ukulungisa i-pH ibe yi-5.16 ukulingisa i-pH ephakathi yesixazululo se-litter leach. Fafaza amaqabunga angaphezulu nangaphasi kanye ngeveke nge-awa yesi-8 ekuseni. Ngemva kokufafaza amahlandla ama-4 ngeveke yesi-5, iintjalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emi-3 zavunwa.
NgoNovemba 2019, iintjalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu zabuthelelwa esimini begodu zafafazwa nge-oxalic acid. Amanye amasampula weentjalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ebegade zitlhoga ukulinganiswa ukusebenza kwemithambo yomzimba nomsebenzi we-enzayimu zafakwa ematjhubhuni ukuze ziqandiswe. , msinyana iqhwa nge-nitrogen ewuketshezi bese idluliselwa esiqandisini ku--80°C. Amanye amasampula wemirabhu ebegade azokulinganiswa nge-Cd kanye nokuqukethwe kwesithako esisebenzako esigabeni sokuvuthwa ahlanzwa ngamanzi wempompi, omiswe ku-105°C imizuzu ema-30, ngesisindo esingaguqukiko ku-75°C, begodu agayiwe ngedaka ukuze agcinwe.
Kala i-0.2 g yesampula yesitjalo esomileko, uyifake ngaphakathi kweflaski ye-Erlenmeyer, faka i-8 ml ye-HNO3 kanye ne-2 ml ye-HClO4 bese uvala ubusuku boke. Ngelanga elilandelako, sebenzisa ifaneli egobileko ebekwe ngaphakathi kweflaski ye-Erlenmeyer ukugaya ukudla ngegezi bekube kulapho kuvela intuthu emhlophe begodu amajusi wokugaya ukudla aphuma ahlanzekile. Ngemva kokupholisa ukuya emazingeni womtjhiso wegumbi, ingxube yadluliselwa eflaski yevolumu eyi-10 ml. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwatholwa kusetjenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICETM 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Kala i-0.2 g yesampula yesitjalo esomileko, uyifake ebhodleleni leplastiki elingama-50 ml, faka i-1 mol L-1 HCL ku-10 ml, uyivale bese uyithintitha kuhle ama-awa ali-15 bese uyihlunga. Ngokusebenzisa i-pipette, pipetha inani elitlhogekako le-filtrate, lihlambulule ngokufaneleko bese ufaka isisombululo se-SrCl2 ukuletha ukugxila kwe-Sr2+ ku-1g L-1. Okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwalinganiswa kusetjenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICETM 3300 AAS, USA).
I-Malondialdehyde (MDA), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT) indlela yokubhekisa (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., ukutloliswa komkhiqizo), sebenzisa ikhithi yokulinganisa ehambelana nayo. Inomboro: I-Beijing Pharmacopoeia (enembileko) 2013 Inomboro 2400147).
Kala i-0.05 g yesampula ye-Panax notoginseng bese ufaka i-anthrone-sulphuric acid reagent emahlangothini wetjhubhu. Hlikihla itjhubhu imizuzwana emi-2-3 ukuhlanganisa kuhle amanzi. Faka itjhubhu phezu kwe-rack yetjhubhu ukuthuthukisa umbala imizuzu eli-15. Okuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako kwatholakala nge-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) nge-wavelength ye-620 nm.
Kala i-0.5 g yesampula etja ye-Panax notoginseng, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate ngamanzi ahlanjululweko ayi-5 ml, bese uyi-centrifuge ku-10,000 g imizuzu eli-10. I-pernatant yahlanjululwa yaba yivolumu engaguqukiko. Indlela ye-Coomassie Brilliant Blue yasetjenziswa. Okuqukethwe kwamaphrotheyini ancibilikako kwalinganiswa kusetjenziswa i-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) nge-wavelength ye-595 nm begodu kwabalwa ngokuya ngejika elijwayelekileko le-bovine serum albumin.
Kala i-0.5 g yesampula etja, faka i-5 ml ye-10% ye-acetic acid, gaya ibe yi-homogenate, ihlunge bese uyincibilikisa ibe yivolumu engaguqukiko. Indlela yokuthuthukisa umbala yasetjenziswa ngesisombululo se-ninhydrin. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid kwamahhala kwatholakala nge-UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-570 nm begodu kwabalwa ngokuya nge-leucine standard curve28.
Kala i-0.5 g yesampula etja, faka i-5 ml yesixazululo se-3% se-sulfosalicylic acid, ufuthumeze ngaphakathi kwebhadi yamanzi bese uyithintitha imizuzu eli-10. Ngemva kokupholisa, isisombululo sahlungwa begodu salethwa sibe yivolumu engaguqukiko. Indlela ye-colorimetric ene-asidi ye-ninhydrin yasetjenziswa. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwatholakala nge-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) nge-wavelength ye-520 nm begodu kwabalwa ngokuya nge-proline standard curve29.
Okuqukethwe yi-saponin kwatholakala nge-high-performance liquid chromatography ngokubhekisela ku-Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2015 edition). Umthetho oyisisekelo we-high-performance liquid chromatography kusetjenziswa i-high-pressure liquid njengesigaba esihambako begodu kusetjenziswe ithekhnoloji yokuhlukanisa iinhlayiya ezihle khulu ze-high-performance column chromatography esigabeni esimileko. Indlela yokusebenza ilandelako:
Ubujamo be-HPLC nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka kwesistimu (Ithebula 1): Sebenzisa i-octadecylsilane bound silica gel njenge-filler, i-acetonitrile njenge-mobile phase A kanye namanzi njenge-mobile phase B. Yenza i-gradient elution njengombana kutjengisiwe ethebuleni elingezansi. Ubude begagasi lokuthola bungu-203 nm. Ngokuya nge-R1 peak yama-saponins woke we-Panax notoginseng, inani lamapuleti wethiyori kufanele libe okungenani 4000.
Ukulungiselela isisombululo esijayelekileko: Kala ngokunembileko i-ginsenoside Rg1, i-ginsenoside Rb1 kanye ne-notoginsenoside R1 bese ufaka i-methanol ukulungiselela umxube oqukethe i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rg1, i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rb1 kanye ne-0.1 mg ye-notoginsenoside R1 nge-1 ml yesixazululo.
Ukulungiselela isisombululo sokuhlola: Kala i-0.6 g yepuyere ye-Panax ginseng bese ufaka i-50 ml ye-methanol. Isixazululo esihlanganisiweko salinganiswa (W1) begodu satjhiywa ubusuku boke. Isixazululo esihlanganisiweko sabiliswa ngobumnene ngaphakathi kwebhadi yamanzi ku-80°C ama-awa amabili. Ngemva kokupholisa, linganisa isisombululo esihlanganisiweko bese ufaka i-methanol elungiselelweko ebunzimeni bokuthoma be-W1. Bese uthintitha kuhle bese uhlunga. Isihlungi sitjhiywa bona sihlaziywe.
Buthelela ngokunembileko i-10 μL yesixazululo esijayelekileko kanye ne-10 μL ye-filtrate bese uyifaka ngaphakathi kwe-chromatograph ye-liquid esebenza kuhle khulu (i-Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) ukuthola okuqukethwe kwe-saponin 24.
Ijika elijwayelekileko: ukulinganisa isisombululo esijayelekileko esihlanganisiweko se-Rg1, i-Rb1 ne-R1. Ubujamo be-chromatography buyafana nalabo obuphezulu. Bala ijika elijwayelekileko ngokutlola indawo elinganisiweko ephezulu ku-y-eksisi kanye nokugxila kwe-saponin esixazululweni esijwayelekileko ku-x-eksisi. Ukugxila kwe-saponin kungabalwa ngokufaka indawo elinganisiweko ye-peak yesampula ibe yi-curve ejwayelekileko.
Kala i-0.1 g yesampula ye-P. notogensings bese ufaka i-50 ml yesixazululo se-70% se-CH3OH. Ukukhipha nge-ultrasonic kwenziwa ama-awa amabili, kwalandelwa ku-centrifugation nge-4000 rpm imizuzu eli-10. Thatha i-1 ml ye-supernatant bese uyincibilikisa iinkhathi ezili-12. Okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid kwatholwa kusetjenziswa i-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) nge-wavelength ye-249 nm. I-Quercetin ngenye yezinto ezijayelekileko8.
Idatha yahlelwa kusetjenziswa isofthiwe ye-Excel 2010. Isofthiwe ye-SPSS 20 yezibalo yasetjenziselwa ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kokuhluka kwedatha. Iinthombe zadwetjwa kusetjenziswa i-Origin Pro 9.1. Amanani wezibalo abalweko afaka hlangana i-mean ± SD. Iintatimende zokuqakatheka kwezibalo zisekelwe ku-P <0.05.
Ngezinga elifanako le-oxalic acid efafazwe emaqabungeni, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng kwanda khulu njengombana inani le-lime esetjenzisiweko lakhula (Ithebula 2). Nakuqathaniswa nokungabi khona kwe-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwanda ngama-212% lokha nakufakwa i-3750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid. Ngenani elifanako le-lime esetjenzisiweko, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwanda kancani njengoba ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid spray kwanda.
Ukuqukethwe kwe-Cd emirabhu kusuka ku-0.22 ukuya ku-0.70 mg kg-1. Ngesikhathi sokufafaza okufanako kwe-oxalic acid, njengombana inani le-lime elengeziweko likhula, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd okuyi-2250 kg/h kwehla khulu. Nawuqathaniswa nokulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd emirabhu kwehle ngama-68.57% ngemva kokufafaza nge-2250 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-limeless kanye ne-750 kg/h ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng kwehla khulu ngokukhula kokugxila kwe-oxalic acid spray. Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-2250 kg/m2 ye-lime kanye ne-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd empandeni kwathoma kwehla bese kwanda ngokukhula kwe-oxalic acid. Ukungezelela, ukuhlaziywa kwe-bivariate kutjengise bona i-lime inomthelela omkhulu ekuqukethwe kwe-Ca yemirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), i-lime inomthelela omkhulu ekuqukethwe kwe-Cd emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), kanye ne-oxalic acid. i-asidi (F=7.72*).
Njengoba inani le-lime elingezelelweko kanye nokugxila kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko kwanda, okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehla khulu. Bekunganamehluko obonakalako wokuqukethwe kwe-MDA emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphandle kokungezelelwa kwe-lime begodu ngokungezelelwa kwe-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime. Ngamazinga wokufaka ama-750 kg/h/m2 kanye nama-2250 kg/h/m2, okuqukethwe kwe-lime ye-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid spray treatment yehle ngama-58.38% kanye no-40.21%, ngokulandelana, nayiqathaniswa nokungabikho kwe-oxalic acid spray treatment. I-MDA ephasi khulu (7.57 nmol g-1) yabonwa lokha nakufafazwa i-750 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Umfanekiso 1).
Umphumela wokufafaza amakari nge-oxalic acid phezu kokuqukethwe kwe-malondialdehyde emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium. Qaphela: Inganekwane emfanekisweni itjengisa ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid esifafazweni (mol L-1), amagama amancani ahlukileko atjengisa umehluko oqakathekileko hlangana nokwelatjhwa kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime okufanako. inombolo (P < 0.05). Kuyafana ngenzasi.
Ngaphandle kokusetjenziswa kwe-3750 kg/h ye-lime, bekunganamehluko obonakalako emsebenzini we-SOD emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng. Lokha nakufakwa i-0, 750 kanye ne-2250 kg/h/m2 ye-lime, umsebenzi we-SOD lokha nawufafazwa nge-oxalic acid ngezinga elingu-0.2 mol/l bewuphezulu khulu kunangaphandle kokusetjenziswa kwe-oxalic acid, ukhuphuke nge-177.89%, 61.62% kanye ne-8.8% ngokulandelana Umsebenzi we-SOD emirabhu (598.18 U g-1) bewuphezulu khulu lokha nakungafakwa i-lime begodu lokha nayiphathwa ngokufafazwa nge-oxalic acid ngezinga elingu-0.2 mol/l. Lokha i-oxalic acid nayifafazwa ngezinga elifanako nofana i-0.1 mol L-1, umsebenzi we-SOD wakhula ngokukhula kwenani le-lime elengeziweko. Ngemva kokufafaza nge-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wehlile khulu (Umfanekiso 2).
Umphumela wokufafaza amakari nge-oxalic acid emsebenzini we-superoxide dismutase, peroxidase kanye ne-catalase emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium
Njengomsebenzi we-SOD emirabheni, umsebenzi we-POD emirabheni ephathwe ngaphandle kwe-lime begodu yafafazwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid beyiphezulu khulu (63.33 μmol g-1), okuyi-148.35% ephezulu ukudlula ukulawula (25.50 μmol g-1). Ngokukhula kokufafaza kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokwelatjhwa nge-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime, umsebenzi we-POD wathoma ukwanda bese wehla. Nayiqathaniswa nokwelatjhwa nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-POD lokha nawuphathwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wehla nge-36.31% (Umfanekiso 2).
Ngaphandle kokufafaza i-0.2 mol/l ye-oxalic acid nokungezelela i-2250 kg/h/m2 nofana i-3750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime, umsebenzi we-CAT bewuphezulu khulu kunalowo wokulawula. Lokha nakufafazwa i-0.1 mol/l ye-oxalic acid bese kufakwa i-0.2250 kg/m2 nofana i-3750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime, umsebenzi we-CAT ukhuphuke ngama-276.08%, 276.69% kanye nama-33.05%, ngokulandelana, nayimadaniswa nokwelatjhwa ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT emirabhu bewuphezulu khulu (803.52 μmol/g) ekwelatjhweni okungana-lime kanye nokwelatjhwa nge-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT bewuphasi khulu (172.88 μmol/g) lokha nawuphathwa nge-3750 kg/h/m ye-lime kanye ne-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid (Umfanekiso 2).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-bivariate kutjengise bona umsebenzi we-CAT nomsebenzi we-MDA wemirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng bekuhlotjaniswa khulu nenani le-oxalic acid nofana i-lime efafazwe kanye nemithi emibili (Ithebula 3). Umsebenzi we-SOD emirabhu bewuhlotjaniswa khulu nokuphathwa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid nofana ukutjhatjhululwa kwe-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-ROot POD bewuthembele khulu enanini le-lime esetjenzisiweko nofana ukwelatjhwa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid.
Okuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako emirabhu kwehle ngokukhula kwenani lokufakwa kwe-lime kanye nokugxila kwesifutho se-oxalic acid. Bekunganamehluko obonakalako kokuqukethwe kwetshukela encibilikako emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime begodu lokha nakusetjenziswa i-750 kg/h/m ye-lime. Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-2250 kg/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako lokha nayiphathwa nge-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid beyiphezulu khulu kunaleyo lokha nayiphathwa ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid, ikhuphuke ngama-22.81%. Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-3750 kg h/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako kwehla khulu njengoba ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko kwanda. I-sugar encibilikako lokha nayiphathwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid yehle ngama-38.77% nayimadaniswa naleyo ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid. Ukungezelela, i-0.2 mol·L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment beyinomthamo wetjhukela ophasi khulu oncibilikako, obewungu-205.80 mg·g-1 (Umfanekiso 3).
Umphumela wokufafaza amakari nge-oxalic acid ekuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako kanye namaphrotheyini ancibilikako emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium
Okuqukethwe kwamaphrotheyini ancibilikako emirabhu kwehle ngokukhula kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime kanye nokufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngaphandle kokungezelelwa kwe-lime, okuqukethwe kwamaphrotheyini ancibilikako lokha nakuphathwa nge-oxalic acid spray nge-0.2 mol L-1 kwehle khulu nge-16.20% nayiqathaniswa nokulawula. Bekunganamehluko obonakalako emaprotheyini ancibilikako wemirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng lokha nakusetjenziswa i-750 kg/h ye-lime. Ngaphasi kweemeko zokusetjenziswa kwe-2250 kg/h/m ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheyini ancibilikako we-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid spray treatment bekuphezulu khulu kunaleyo ye-non-oxalic acid spray treatment (35.11%). Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-3750 kg·h/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwamaphrotheyini ancibilikako kwehla khulu njengombana ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid spray kwanda, kuthi amaprotheyini ancibilikako aphasi khulu (269.84 μg·g-1) lokha ukufafaza kwe-oxalic acid bekungu-0.2 mol·L-1 . ukwelatjhwa (Umfanekiso 3).
Bekunganamehluko oqakathekileko kokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime. Njengoba ukufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid kwanda begodu kungezelelwa i-750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala kwathoma kwehla bese kwanda. Nakuqathaniswa nokwelatjhwa ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala kwanda khulu ngama-33.58% lokha nakufafazwa i-2250 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala kwehle khulu ngokukhula kokufafaza kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokungezelelwa kwe-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime. I-amino acid yamahhala ye-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment yehliswe ngama-49.76% nayiqathaniswa ne-non-oxalic acid spray treatment. I-amino acid yamahhala beyiphezulu khulu ngaphandle kokufafaza kwe-oxalic acid begodu bekungu-2.09 mg g-1. I-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid yokufafaza beyine-amino acid ephasi khulu (1.05 mg/g) (Umfanekiso 4).
Umphumela wokufafaza amakari nge-oxalic acid ekuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala kanye ne-proline emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphasi kweemeko zokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium
Okuqukethwe kwe-proline emirabhu kwehle ngokukhula kwenani le-lime efakwe kanye nenani lokufafaza nge-oxalic acid. Bekunganamahluko aqakathekileko ekuqukethwe kwe-proline ye-Panax ginseng root lokha i-lime ingasetjenziswa. Njengoba ukufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid kwanda begodu nokusetjenziswa kwe-750 nofana 2250 kg/m2 ye-lime kwanda, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwathoma kwehla bese kwanda. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline ye-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment bekuphezulu khulu kunaleyo ye-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, kwanda nge-19.52% kanye ne-44.33%, ngokulandelana. Lokha nakufakwa i-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwehla khulu njengombana ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko kwanda. Ngemva kokufafaza i-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okumumethweko kwe-proline kwehle ngama-54.68% nayimadaniswa nalokho ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid. I-proline ephasi khulu beyiphathwa nge-0.2 mol/l ye-oxalic acid begodu yafika ku-11.37 μg/g (Umfanekiso 4).
Inani elipheleleko le-saponin ku-Panax notoginseng ngu-Rg1>Rb1>R1. Bekunganamehluko obonakalako kokuqukethwe kwama-saponin amathathu ngokukhuphuka kokugxila kwe-oxalic acid spray nokugxila ngaphandle kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime (Ithebula 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-R1 ngemva kokufafaza i-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid bekuphasi khulu kunangaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid nokufaka umthamo we-lime we-750 nofana we-3750 kg/m2. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko eyi-0 nofana i-0.1 mol/L, bekunganamehluko obonakalako wokuqukethwe kwe-R1 ngokukhula kwenani le-lime elengeziweko. Ngesikhathi sokufafaza okungu-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-R1 ku-3750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime bekuphasi khulu kune-43.84% ngaphandle kokufaka i-lime (Ithebula 4).
Njengoba ukufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid kwanda begodu kwafakwa i-750 kg/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kwathoma kwanda bese kwehla. Ngamazinga wokusetjenziswa kwe-lime angama-2250 kanye nama-3750 kg/h, okumumethweko kwe-Rg1 kwehla ngokukhula kokufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngezinga elifanako le-oxalic acid efafaziweko, njengombana inani le-lime likhula, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kuqala kukhuphuka bese kwehla. Nawuqathaniswa nokulawula, ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 emazingeni amathathu we-oxalic acid kanye nokwelatjhwa kwe-750 kg/m2 ye-lime, ebekuphezulu ukudlula ukulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng kwezinye iindlela zokulapha bekuphasi kunokulawula. lawula. Ukuqukethwe okukhulu kwe-Rg1 bekulokha nakufafazwa i-750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime kanye ne-0.1 mol/l ye-oxalic acid, ebeyiphezulu nge-11.54% ukudlula ukulawula (Ithebula 4).
Njengoba ukufafazwa kwe-oxalic acid kanye nenani le-lime esetjenzisiweko kwanda ngezinga lokugeleza elingama-2250 kg/h, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwathoma kwanda bese kwehla. Ngemva kokufafaza i-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okumumethweko kwe-Rb1 kwafinyelela inani eliphezulu le-3.46%, ebegade liphezulu nge-74.75% ukudlula ngaphandle kokufafaza i-oxalic acid. Kweminye imithi ye-lime, bekunganamehluko obonakalako hlangana namazinga ahlukileko we-oxalic acid spray. Ngemva kokufafaza nge-0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, njengombana inani le-lime likhula, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwathoma kwehla bese kwehla (Ithebula 4).
Ngesikhathi esifanako sokufafaza nge-oxalic acid, njengombana inani le-lime elengeziweko landa, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids kwathoma kwanda bese kwehla. Akukho mehluko obonakalako wokuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids owatholakala lokha nakufafazwa amazinga ahlukileko we-oxalic acid ngaphandle kwe-lime kanye ne-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime. Lokha nakungezelelwa i-750 kanye ne-2250 kg/m2 ye-lime, njengombana ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko kwanda, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids kwathoma kwanda bese kwehla. Lokha nakusetjenziswa i-750 kg/m2 begodu kufafazwa i-oxalic acid ngezinga elingu-0.1 mol/l, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids bekuphezulu – 4.38 mg/g, okuyi-18.38% ephezulu kunalokha nakufakwa inani elifanako le-lime, begodu bekunganasidingo sokufafaza i-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids lokha nakulatjhwa nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray kwanda ngama-21.74% nakumadaniswa nokwelatjhwa ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokwelatjhwa nge-lime ngezinga elingu-2250 kg/m2 (Umfanekiso 5).
Umphumela wokufafaza amakari nge-oxalate ekuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-bivariate kutjengise bona okuqukethwe kwetjhukela encibilikako yemirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng bekuthembele khulu enanini le-lime esetjenzisiweko kanye nokugxila kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko. Okuqukethwe kwamaphrotheyini ancibilikako emirabhu bekuhlotjaniswa khulu nomthamo we-lime ne-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid wamahhala kanye ne-proline emirabhu bekuhlotjaniswa khulu nenani le-lime esetjenzisiweko, ukugxila kwe-oxalic acid, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid (Ithebula 5).
Okuqukethwe kwe-R1 emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng bekuthembele khulu ekuhlanganisweni kwe-oxalic acid efafaziweko, inani le-lime, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid esetjenzisiweko. Okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoids bekuthembele khulu ekuhlanganisweni kwe-oxalic acid spray kanye nenani le-lime elengeziweko.
Iintjhuguluko ezinengi zisetjenziselwe ukwehlisa amazinga we-cadmium eentjalweni ngokulungisa i-cadmium ehlabathini, njenge-lime ne-oxalic acid30. I-lime isetjenziswa khulu njengesilungiselelo sehlabathi ukwehlisa amazinga we-cadmium eentjalweni31. U-Liang nabanye. 32 babike bona i-oxalic acid nayo ingasetjenziselwa ukulungisa ihlabathi engcoliswe ziinsimbi ezisindako. Ngemva kokuthi amazinga ahlukileko we-oxalic acid afakwe ehlabathini elingcolileko, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilako ehlabathini kwanda, amandla wokutjhentjhana kwe-cation yehla, begodu i-pH yakhuphuka33. I-oxalic acid nayo ingasabelana nama-ayoni wensimbi ehlabathini. Ngaphasi kweemeko zokugandeleleka kwe-Cd, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ku-Panax notoginseng kwanda khulu nayiqathaniswa nokulawula. Kodwana, nangabe kusetjenziswa i-lime, yehliswa khulu. Lokha i-750 kg/h/m ye-lime nayisetjenziswa esifundweni lesi, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwemirabhu kwafinyelela ezingeni lezwe loke (umkhawulo we-Cd ngu-Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), begodu umphumela bewumuhle. . Umphumela omuhle khulu uzuzwa ngokufaka i-2250 kg/m2 ye-lime. Ukungezelelwa kwe-lime kwenza inani elikhulu leendawo zokuncintisana ze-Ca2+ ne-Cd2+ ehlabathini, begodu ukungezelelwa kwe-oxalic acid kwehlisa okuqukethwe kwe-Cd emirabhu ye-Panax notoginseng. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa i-lime ne-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwempande ye-Panax ginseng kwehle khulu begodu kwafikelela ezingeni lezwe loke. I-Ca2+ ehlabathini idonswa ebusweni bempande ngendlela yokugeleza okukhulu begodu ingadonswa emaseli wempande ngeendlela ze-calcium (ama-Ca2+ channels), iimpompo ze-calcium (i-Ca2+-AT-Pase) kanye nama-antiporter we-Ca2+/H+, bese ithuthwa ngokuvundlileko. ukuya emirabhu. Xylem23. Bekunokuhlobana okungakalungi hlangana ne-Ca ne-Cd emirabhu (P <0.05). Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwehle ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-Ca, okuhambisana nomqondo wokuphikisana phakathi kwe-Ca ne-Cd. I-ANOVA itjengise bona inani le-lime linefuthe elikhulu ekuqukethwe kwe-Ca empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng. Pongrack et al. 35 yabika bona i-Cd ibophelela ku-oxalate kumakristalu we-calcium oxalate begodu iphalisana ne-Ca. Kodwana, umphumela wokulawula we-oxalic acid ku-Ca bewungakaqakatheki. Lokhu kutjengisa bona ukwehla kwe-calcium oxalate evela ku-oxalic acid ne-Ca2+ akusikho ukwehla okulula, begodu ikambiso yokuthoma ingalawulwa ziindlela ezinengi zokugaya ukudla.
Ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-cadmium, inani elikhulu lemihlobo ye-oksijini esebenzako (i-ROS) lakhiwa eentjalweni, elilimaza isakhiwo sama-membrane wamaseli36. Okuqukethwe kwe-Malondialdehyde (MDA) kungasetjenziswa njengesibonisi sokwahlulela izinga le-ROS kanye nezinga lokulimala kwe-plasma membrane yeentjalo37. Irherho le-antioxidant liyindlela eqakathekileko yokuvikela ukuhlanza imihlobo ye-oksijini38. Imisebenzi yama-enzyme we-antioxidant (okufaka hlangana i-POD, i-SOD, ne-CAT) ivamise ukutjhugululwa kugandeleleka kwe-cadmium. Imiphumela itjengise bona okumumethweko kwe-MDA bekuhlotjaniswa kuhle nokugxila kwe-Cd, okutjengisa bona ubukhulu be-peroxidation yamafutha we-membrane yesitjalo bujula ngokukhula kwe-Cd37. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yesifundo esenziwa ngu-Ouyang et al.39. Irhubhululo leli litjengisa bona okumumethweko kwe-MDA kuthonywa khulu yi-lime, i-oxalic acid, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwe-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-MDA ye-Panax notoginseng kwehle, okutjengisa bona i-oxalic acid ingehlisa ukutholakala kwe-Cd kanye namazinga we-ROS ku-Panax notoginseng. Ihlelo lama-enzayimu we-antioxidant kulapho umsebenzi wokususa ubuthi wesitjalo wenzeka khona. I-SOD isusa i-O2- equkethwe emaseli weentjalo begodu ikhiqiza i-O2 enganabuthi kanye ne-H2O2 enganabuthi. I-POD ne-CAT zisusa i-H2O2 emathitjhu weentjalo begodu zikhuthaza ukubola kwe-H2O2 ibe yi-H2O. Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwephrotheyini ye-iTRAQ, kwatholakala bona amazinga wokuvezwa kwamaphrotheyini we-SOD ne-PAL ehlile begodu izinga lokuvezwa kwe-POD lakhuphuka ngemva kokusetjenziswa kwe-lime ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-Cd40. Imisebenzi ye-CAT, i-SOD kanye ne-POD empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng yathinteka khulu mthamo we-oxalic acid ne-lime. Ukufafaza nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwandisa khulu ukusebenza kwe-SOD ne-CAT, kodwana umphumela wokulawula emsebenzini we-POD bewungabonakali. Lokhu kutjengisa bona i-oxalic acid ikhawulezisa ukubola kwe-ROS ngaphasi kokugandeleleka kwe-Cd begodu ikakhulukazi iqeda ukususwa kwe-H2O2 ngokulawula umsebenzi we-CAT, okufana nemiphumela yokurhubhulula ka-Guo et al.41 kuma-enzyme we-antioxidant we-Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Umphumela wokufaka i-750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime emsebenzini wama-enzayimu wesistimu ye-antioxidant kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-malondialdehyde kuyafana nomphumela wokufafaza nge-oxalic acid. Imiphumela itjengise bona ukufafaza kwe-oxalic acid kungakhuphula kuhle imisebenzi ye-SOD ne-CAT ku-Panax notoginseng begodu kukhulise ukujamelana nokugandeleleka kwe-Panax notoginseng. Imisebenzi ye-SOD ne-POD yehliswe ngokuphathwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kanye ne-3750 kg hm-2 lime, okutjengisa bona ukufafaza ngokweqileko kwe-oxalic acid ne-Ca2+ kungabangela ukugandeleleka kweentjalo, okuhambisana nesifundo se-Luo nabanye. Linda 42.